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Fragments of a rare Merlin manuscript from c. 1300

Posted: 2025-03-31 01:27:09

Fragments of a rare, previously unknown manuscript containing parts of the Merlin legend have been discovered in the Cambridge University Library. Dating back to around 1300, the seven parchment fragments were originally used to reinforce the binding of another book. The text recounts scenes from the Suite du Merlin, a later prose continuation of Robert de Boron’s Merlin, detailing King Arthur's wars in France and featuring characters such as Merlin, Gawain, and King Claudas. This discovery offers valuable insight into the popularization and transmission of Arthurian literature in medieval England, particularly because the text varies from other known versions and suggests a distinct manuscript tradition. Researchers believe these fragments could be the oldest surviving remnants of a complete Middle English Suite du Merlin manuscript.

Within the hallowed halls of the University of Cambridge Library, a truly remarkable discovery has been unveiled, sending ripples of excitement through the world of medieval literature: fragmented leaves of a previously unknown manuscript containing portions of the Prose Merlin, dating back to approximately 1300 AD. This extraordinary find, nestled unassumingly within a seemingly unrelated volume of fourteenth-century religious texts, represents a significant addition to our understanding of the Arthurian legend and its dissemination in the medieval period.

The recovered fragments, six double-sided leaves in total, offer glimpses into the early stages of the Merlin narrative, a crucial component of the vast and complex tapestry of Arthurian literature. They recount key episodes in the young Merlin's life, including his pivotal role in the construction of Stonehenge, a tale woven into the broader narrative of King Vortigern's struggles and Merlin's burgeoning magical prowess. These textual fragments, though incomplete, provide valuable insight into the specific version of the Prose Merlin circulating in England during the late 13th and early 14th centuries, offering a window into the evolution of the Arthurian legend as it was being adapted and reinterpreted for different audiences.

The discovery itself was serendipitous, the result of a meticulous examination by Dr. James Freeman, a specialist in medieval French manuscripts at the University of Cambridge. While cataloging a seemingly unremarkable collection of fourteenth-century religious pronouncements, he recognized the distinct stylistic and narrative characteristics of the Prose Merlin. The fragments, it appears, had been repurposed as binding waste, a common practice in the medieval period where discarded parchment was reused in the construction of book bindings. This fortuitous recycling has preserved these textual remnants, offering a tangible link to the literary culture of medieval England.

The significance of this discovery extends beyond the mere recovery of textual fragments. It provides a precious opportunity for scholars to compare and contrast this version of the Prose Merlin with other extant manuscripts, allowing for a deeper understanding of the textual variations and the evolution of the narrative over time. The language of the fragments, identified as an early form of Middle English, also offers valuable insights into the development of the English language during this formative period. Furthermore, the physical characteristics of the manuscript itself, including the script, the parchment, and even the evidence of its repurposing, contribute valuable data for codicological analysis, helping scholars to reconstruct the history and journey of this remarkable artifact. The Cambridge University Library now plans to digitize the fragments, making them accessible to a wider audience of scholars and enthusiasts, furthering the study and appreciation of this vital piece of medieval literary heritage.

Summary of Comments ( 34 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43529709

HN commenters discuss the exciting discovery of Merlin fragments, expressing skepticism about the £70k fundraising goal seemingly unrelated to the digitization cost, already completed by the Parker Library. Several suggest alternative, potentially free, digitization methods were available. Some question the library's motives, wondering if the funds are intended for preservation or other unrelated projects. Others express interest in seeing the digitized manuscript and debate the historical accuracy and portrayal of Merlin across different periods and legends. A few commenters provide interesting historical context about the Arthurian legend and its various versions.

The Hacker News post titled "Fragments of a rare Merlin manuscript from c. 1300" generated a modest number of comments, primarily focusing on the historical and literary significance of the find. Several commenters expressed excitement about the discovery, emphasizing the rarity of such manuscripts and the potential insights they could offer into medieval literature and Arthurian legends.

One commenter highlighted the ongoing nature of historical discovery, pointing out that even well-trodden areas of study can still yield surprises. This commenter expressed a sense of wonder at the possibility of unearthing further fragments or related texts in the future.

Another commenter discussed the manuscript's connection to the Estoire de Merlin, a 13th-century prose romance recounting Merlin's early life. They noted the manuscript's importance in understanding the evolution of Arthurian legends and the different versions that circulated during the medieval period. This commenter also provided some background on the Vulgate Cycle, a major source for Arthurian literature, and how the discovered fragments fit into this broader context.

A further commenter mentioned the enduring popularity of Arthurian themes, tracing their influence through various literary works and adaptations across centuries, from Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur to modern fantasy novels. This comment underlined the continued relevance of these stories in contemporary culture.

One technically-minded commenter inquired about the process of identifying and authenticating such fragments, raising questions about the use of techniques like carbon dating and paleography. This prompted a brief discussion about the challenges of verifying historical documents and the expertise required for such analysis.

While no single comment presented an overwhelmingly compelling argument, the overall discussion reflected a shared appreciation for the historical and literary value of the discovery. The comments collectively provided additional context about the manuscript's significance within Arthurian scholarship and hinted at the potential for future research.

The Middle Ages in Computer Games

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Posted: 2025-02-25 06:45:09

Robert Houghton's The Middle Ages in Computer Games explores how medieval history is represented, interpreted, and reimagined within the digital realm of gaming. The book analyzes a wide range of games, from strategy titles like Age of Empires and Crusader Kings to role-playing games like Skyrim and Kingdom Come: Deliverance, examining how they utilize and adapt medieval settings, characters, and themes. Houghton considers the influence of popular culture, historical scholarship, and player agency in shaping these digital medieval worlds, investigating the complex interplay between historical accuracy, creative license, and entertainment value. Ultimately, the book argues that computer games offer a unique lens through which to understand both the enduring fascination with the Middle Ages and the evolving nature of historical engagement in the digital age.

The blog post entitled "New Medieval Books: The Middle Ages in Computer Games," published on Medievalists.net on February 27, 2025, announces and elaborates on the recent release of a scholarly work examining the multifaceted relationship between the medieval period and the realm of computer games. The book, The Middle Ages in Computer Games, edited by Robert Houghton and published by Routledge, delves into how the Middle Ages are represented, interpreted, and reimagined within digital game environments. The post highlights the significant contributions of various scholars within this burgeoning field of study, emphasizing the interdisciplinary nature of the book’s content.

The post specifically mentions several key areas explored in the book, including an analysis of how medieval authenticity, or the perceived adherence to historical accuracy, is constructed and contested within game design. It also underscores the book’s investigation into the diverse ways players interact with and experience these digital medieval worlds, acknowledging the agency players have in shaping their own narratives and interpretations. The post draws attention to the volume’s examination of the social and cultural impact of medieval-themed games, highlighting how these games can shape perceptions and understandings of the Middle Ages for both players and the broader public.

Furthermore, the post elucidates how The Middle Ages in Computer Games goes beyond mere description of the games themselves, delving into the complex interplay between the digital realm and medieval scholarship. It underscores the book’s exploration of how computer games can be used as tools for education, research, and even archaeological reconstruction, offering innovative approaches to understanding the medieval past. The post also touches on the book’s examination of the economic and industrial aspects of medieval-themed game development, providing insight into the production and consumption of these digital artifacts. Finally, the post concludes by offering readers a convenient link to purchase the book through Routledge’s website, encouraging further exploration of this intellectually stimulating intersection of medieval studies and digital gaming.

Summary of Comments ( 6 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43168950

HN users discuss the portrayal of the Middle Ages in video games, focusing on historical accuracy and popular misconceptions. Some commenters point out the frequent oversimplification and romanticization of the period, particularly in strategy games. Others highlight specific titles like Crusader Kings and Kingdom Come: Deliverance as examples of games attempting greater historical realism, while acknowledging that gameplay constraints necessitate some deviations. A recurring theme is the tension between entertainment value and historical authenticity, with several suggesting that historical accuracy isn't inherently fun and that games should prioritize enjoyment. The influence of popular culture, particularly fantasy, on the depiction of medieval life is also noted. Finally, some lament the scarcity of games exploring aspects of medieval life beyond warfare and politics.

The Hacker News post titled "The Middle Ages in Computer Games," linking to an article on medievalists.net, has generated a modest discussion with several interesting comments.

One commenter highlights the disconnect between the "real" Middle Ages and their portrayal in games, pointing out how games often simplify complex historical realities for entertainment purposes. They mention how games often depict castles as solitary fortresses when they were often part of larger networks, and how they misrepresent the scale and logistics of medieval warfare.

Another commenter focuses specifically on the topic of siege warfare, criticizing the unrealistic depictions common in games. They discuss how games often fail to capture the duration and complexity of sieges, which could last for months or even years, involving intricate strategies and logistics. They also mention the important role of disease and starvation in siege warfare, aspects often overlooked in video games.

Several commenters discuss particular games and their respective merits and flaws in representing the Middle Ages. Examples include Crusader Kings, praised for its complex political and dynastic gameplay, and Total War, noted for its large-scale battles but criticized for some historical inaccuracies. Kingdom Come: Deliverance is mentioned for its attempt at a more realistic depiction of medieval life, though some argue it falls short in certain areas.

The discussion also touches on the challenges of balancing historical accuracy with gameplay. One commenter argues that while historical accuracy is desirable, game designers must prioritize engaging gameplay, sometimes requiring compromises. Another suggests that games can be valuable tools for sparking interest in history, even if their representations aren't perfectly accurate. They propose that even simplified or stylized depictions can inspire players to learn more about the actual history.

Finally, a recurring theme in the comments is the romanticized view of the Middle Ages often presented in games, contrasting it with the harsher realities of the period. Several commenters emphasize the importance of acknowledging the less glamorous aspects of medieval life, such as poverty, disease, and violence, to provide a more balanced and nuanced perspective.

Thomas Aquinas' skull reveals appearance and cause of death

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Posted: 2025-02-10 03:38:29

Researchers have reconstructed the face of St. Thomas Aquinas using 3D modeling based on his skull, offering a glimpse of his appearance 750 years after his death. Analysis also suggests he suffered from a chronic ear infection and severe osteoarthritis, possibly contributing to his demise. While the cause of death remains uncertain, these findings provide valuable insight into the health and physical characteristics of the influential theologian and philosopher.

A recent anthropological investigation, utilizing cutting-edge craniofacial reconstruction techniques, has provided unprecedented insight into the visage and demise of the eminent 13th-century philosopher and theologian, Saint Thomas Aquinas. Researchers, meticulously examining the preserved skull of Aquinas, which has been venerated as a relic for centuries, embarked on a painstaking process to recreate the likely appearance of this towering intellectual figure. Through sophisticated methodologies, including advanced imaging and forensic anthropological principles, they extrapolated the facial features that were once enveloped by skin and muscle, effectively offering a glimpse into the countenance of the Doctor Angelicus.

This meticulous reconstruction, based on the bony architecture of the skull, revealed a man with a prominent forehead, suggestive of a powerful intellect, and other distinguishing characteristics that have now been brought to light after more than seven and a half centuries. The resulting image, a product of scientific rigor and historical curiosity, provides a tangible connection to this pivotal figure in Western thought.

Furthermore, the examination of Aquinas's skull yielded compelling evidence related to the circumstances surrounding his death. While historical accounts suggest he perished en route to the Second Council of Lyon in 1274, the precise cause has remained a subject of speculation. The recent anthropological study, however, sheds light on this enigma, indicating potential pathological markers on the cranium. While not definitively conclusive, these findings suggest the possibility of a serious illness, perhaps an infection or a tumor, contributing to his untimely passing. This new information enriches the historical narrative surrounding Aquinas, adding a layer of understanding to the final chapter of his life and offering a more nuanced perspective on the physical challenges he might have faced. Thus, the scientific inquest into the skull of Thomas Aquinas has not only unveiled his likely appearance but has also deepened our comprehension of his final days, adding further depth to the legacy of this influential theologian and philosopher.

Summary of Comments ( 81 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42996671

HN commenters discuss the methodology used to reconstruct Aquinas's face, with some skepticism about its accuracy given the reliance on skull shape alone and the potential for subjective interpretation by the artists. Several commenters point out the irony of reconstructing the face of a theologian who emphasized the immaterial soul over physical appearance. Others question the significance of the project, while some express interest in the historical and forensic aspects. A few commenters debate the cause of death, with one suggesting it might have been a stroke rather than the reported "cerebral stroke" mentioned in some historical accounts. Overall, the comments express a mixture of curiosity, doubt, and philosophical reflection on the nature of identity and the limits of historical reconstruction.

The Hacker News post titled "Thomas Aquinas' skull reveals appearance and cause of death" linking to an article in the National Catholic Register has generated several comments. The discussion primarily revolves around the methods used for the facial reconstruction and the inherent uncertainties involved, as well as some tangential discussions about Aquinas' life and philosophy.

One commenter expressed skepticism about the accuracy of facial reconstructions based on skulls, pointing out the significant role soft tissue plays in shaping a person's appearance. They argued that such reconstructions can only provide a very general idea, rather than a truly accurate representation. This sentiment was echoed by another commenter who questioned the level of confidence one should have in these reconstructions, noting the substantial margin of error.

Another thread of discussion focused on the difficulty of diagnosing cause of death based solely on skeletal remains. One commenter highlighted this challenge, mentioning the limited information that can be gleaned from bones, especially centuries later. This led to a brief discussion about the various possible causes of death that could be consistent with the described skull condition.

Some commenters also touched on Aquinas' philosophical work. One commenter mentioned the vast difference between Aquinas' theological focus and the interests of the typical Hacker News user. Another commenter briefly discussed Aquinas' views on just war theory, leading to a short exchange about its relevance to modern conflicts.

A few commenters expressed general interest in the reconstruction process and the historical context, while others questioned the newsworthiness of the story. One commenter questioned the scientific rigor of the reconstruction, comparing it to phrenology. Another found the article's tone excessively sensationalized.

Finally, a couple of commenters shared links to resources with additional information about facial reconstruction techniques and the life of Thomas Aquinas.

Permission to Practise Medicine

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Posted: 2025-01-26 17:57:50

This blog post from the British Library showcases a 15th-century manuscript (Harley MS 1760) containing a fascinating early example of medical licensing. The document grants "Master Nicholao" permission to practice medicine in the diocese of Norwich, specifically allowing him to treat internal ailments. Issued by the Bishop of Norwich, it highlights the Church's historical role in regulating medical practice and reveals contemporary understanding of medical specializations, differentiating between treating internal diseases and surgical procedures. The manuscript exemplifies the intersection of religious authority and healthcare in medieval England.

This blog post, entitled "Permission to Practise Medicine," hosted on the British Library's Digitised Manuscripts blog, delves into the fascinating historical context surrounding the regulation of medical practice, specifically focusing on a particular manuscript held within the library's extensive collection. This manuscript, dating back to the 15th century, specifically the year 1421, provides a tangible example of the early mechanisms employed to authorize individuals to engage in the practice of medicine. The document itself is a license, granted by the Bishop of London, to one John Somerset, permitting him to administer medical care. The post meticulously details the intricacies of the license, explaining that it granted Somerset permission to practice across the Diocese of London, a geographically significant area encompassing not only the city of London itself, but also extending into parts of Essex, Middlesex, and Hertfordshire. The author emphasizes the importance of such licensure within the medieval context, highlighting the Church's role in overseeing various aspects of societal life, including healthcare. Furthermore, the post underscores the distinction between physicians, trained at universities, and surgeons and other medical practitioners who typically lacked formal university education. It suggests that individuals like John Somerset, while licensed by the Bishop, likely fell into the latter category, serving a vital role in providing medical care to the populace despite not holding a university degree in medicine. The post concludes by observing the historical significance of this document as a testament to the long-standing concern for regulating the practice of medicine, ensuring some level of competency and oversight in a profession deeply impactful on public health and well-being. The inclusion of the specific date, 28th of January, further enhances the tangible connection to this historical event and allows for a more vivid imagining of this pivotal moment in the life of John Somerset and the history of medical licensing.

Summary of Comments ( 13 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42832114

HN users discuss the historical context of medical licensing, highlighting how it served to protect established physicians and potentially stifle innovation. Some point out the inherent difficulty in assessing medical competence in earlier eras, lacking the standardized testing and scientific understanding we have today. Others draw parallels to modern regulatory hurdles faced by startups and new technologies, suggesting that licensing, while intended to protect the public, can also create barriers to entry and limit progress. The elitism and gatekeeping aspects of early licensing are also mentioned, with some arguing that similar dynamics still exist in modern healthcare systems. A few users express skepticism about the overall efficacy of medical licensing throughout history, questioning whether it has truly improved patient outcomes.

The Hacker News post titled "Permission to Practise Medicine," linking to a British Library blog post about a medieval physician's license, generated several interesting comments.

One commenter highlighted the striking similarities between the historical licensing process and modern medical regulation, noting the continued importance of established authorities granting permission to practice. They found it fascinating that core elements of professional certification have persisted across centuries.

Another commenter pointed out the irony of the physician, John of Burgundy, being licensed to practice in London despite apparently not being English. They connected this to the broader historical context of migration and the movement of skilled individuals across borders, suggesting that even in the Middle Ages, cities recognized and sought out expertise regardless of nationality.

A further comment focused on the text of the license itself, specifically the phrase granting permission "in the city and suburbs of London." This commenter questioned the geographical extent of the suburbs at that time and speculated on the challenges of defining the boundaries of the city's jurisdiction.

Someone else expressed surprise at the apparent lack of a requirement for formal medical education, contrasting it with modern stringent educational pathways for physicians. They wondered about the prevailing medical knowledge and practices of the period and how competency was assessed in the absence of standardized training.

The discussion also touched upon the role of the Bishop of London in granting the license, prompting a commenter to discuss the historical intertwining of religious authority and secular governance, particularly in matters of public health and welfare.

Finally, a commenter reflected on the broader historical context of the Black Death, suggesting that the licensing of physicians might have been partly a response to the devastating plague and a desire to regulate medical practices in a time of crisis. They pondered whether this period saw an increased emphasis on formalizing medical authority.

These comments collectively offer various perspectives on the historical license, touching on themes of professional regulation, migration, urban geography, medical education, religious authority, and the impact of historical events. They provide a richer understanding of the context surrounding the document and raise intriguing questions about the evolution of medical practice.

Stories with Tag medieval history

Fragments of a rare Merlin manuscript from c. 1300

Summary of Comments ( 34 ) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43529709

The Middle Ages in Computer Games

Summary of Comments ( 6 ) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43168950

Thomas Aquinas' skull reveals appearance and cause of death

Summary of Comments ( 81 ) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42996671

Permission to Practise Medicine

Summary of Comments ( 13 ) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42832114

Summary of Comments ( 34 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43529709

Summary of Comments ( 6 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43168950

Summary of Comments ( 81 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42996671

Summary of Comments ( 13 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42832114