hackslash dot org

Restoring Old Software for Child Learning Safety

Posted: 2025-04-20 23:23:43

The blog post discusses the challenges and benefits of using older software for children's learning. While newer educational software often boasts flashy features, older programs can offer a simpler, more focused learning experience without the distractions of modern interfaces and internet connectivity. The author describes their process of restoring vintage educational software onto modern hardware, highlighting the technical hurdles involved in making older operating systems and software compatible. Ultimately, the post advocates for considering older software as a viable option for providing a safe, distraction-free digital learning environment for children.

This blog post, titled "Restoring Old Software for Child Learning Safety," delves into the multifaceted motivations and intricate processes involved in resurrecting obsolete software specifically for the purpose of providing a secure and controlled digital learning environment for children. The author posits that older software, particularly educational titles designed for earlier operating systems, often offers a simpler, more focused, and less commercially driven learning experience compared to contemporary software and online platforms. This simplicity, coupled with the absence of modern internet connectivity requirements, contributes to a safer environment by mitigating exposure to inappropriate content, excessive advertising, data collection practices, and the distractions inherent in the constantly evolving digital landscape.

The post details the author's personal journey of restoring vintage educational software onto modern hardware. This endeavor involves overcoming compatibility challenges presented by outdated operating systems and file formats. The author explores various techniques, including utilizing virtual machines, specifically mentioning DOSBox and VirtualBox, to emulate the original operating system environment required by the legacy software. The process is described as involving sourcing original installation media, such as floppy disks or CD-ROMs, and meticulously transferring these often fragile and delicate data artifacts to more contemporary storage formats. The author also highlights the complexities of configuring the virtual machine environment to optimally run the old software, including addressing issues related to screen resolution, sound compatibility, and peripheral device support, all while ensuring a seamless and user-friendly experience for the child.

Furthermore, the post emphasizes the educational value of engaging with older software. It argues that these programs often embody different pedagogical approaches and design philosophies, potentially offering unique learning opportunities not always present in modern software. The act of restoration itself is presented as a valuable learning experience, fostering an understanding of computer history, software development, and problem-solving skills. The author concludes by championing the benefits of this approach for creating a curated and controlled digital learning environment for children, providing them with the advantages of educational software while shielding them from the potential harms and distractions prevalent in the modern internet-connected world. The blog post implicitly advocates for a more mindful and deliberate approach to children’s interaction with technology, promoting the idea of leveraging the positive aspects of older software while mitigating the risks associated with contemporary online experiences.

Summary of Comments ( 18 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43747283

Hacker News users discussed the benefits and challenges of using old software for children's learning. Some highlighted the appeal of simpler interfaces and the potential for focused learning without distractions like ads or internet access. Others emphasized the importance of curated experiences, acknowledging that while some older software can be valuable, much of it is simply obsolete. Several commenters mentioned the difficulty of getting old software to run on modern hardware and operating systems, with suggestions like DOSBox and virtual machines offered as solutions. The idea of a curated repository of suitable older software was also raised, but concerns about copyright and the ongoing maintenance effort were also noted. A few users pointed out the educational value in teaching children how to deal with older technology and its limitations, viewing it as a form of digital literacy.

The Hacker News post titled "Restoring Old Software for Child Learning Safety" generated a moderate amount of discussion with a variety of perspectives on using older software for children's learning environments.

Several commenters focused on the practical challenges and potential drawbacks of the approach. One user highlighted the difficulty of maintaining older software and hardware, pointing out the scarcity of replacement parts and the expertise needed to keep them running. They also mentioned the potential security risks associated with running outdated software. Another commenter questioned the educational benefits, arguing that older software might not be as engaging or effective as modern learning tools designed with contemporary pedagogical principles in mind. The limited exposure to current technology could also put children at a disadvantage later on, they suggested. One user even jokingly compared it to training a pilot on a biplane.

Others expressed more positive views, emphasizing the potential advantages of older software. One commenter appreciated the simpler, less distracting nature of older programs, suggesting that this could foster deeper focus and learning. They argued that modern software often comes with unnecessary bloat and distractions that can hinder a child's learning experience. Another user brought up the value of learning to use command-line interfaces and gaining a deeper understanding of how computers work, which older software can facilitate. The potential for fostering problem-solving skills through troubleshooting was also mentioned.

The idea of curated environments and controlled exposure to technology resonated with some commenters. They acknowledged the potential benefits of limiting access to the wider internet and the constant stream of distractions it presents. One user discussed using Raspberry Pis with custom software installations to create a safe and focused learning environment for their child.

A few commenters shared their own experiences with using older software for educational purposes. One recounted their positive experiences with older educational games and software, emphasizing the educational value and engaging nature of these programs.

While there was no single overwhelmingly compelling comment, the discussion offered a nuanced exploration of the trade-offs involved in using older software for children's learning. The comments highlighted the potential benefits of simplicity, focus, and a deeper understanding of computing principles, while also acknowledging the challenges of maintenance, security risks, and potential educational limitations. The discussion ultimately reflected the diverse perspectives on balancing technological advancement with appropriate educational practices for children.

The Atari 1200XL Fiasco

permalink

Posted: 2025-04-17 09:01:07

The Atari 1200XL, intended as a high-end successor to the Atari 800, was a commercial failure due to a combination of poor design choices and unfortunate timing. Released in 1983, it boasted a sleek, compact design and some minor hardware improvements. However, its redesigned, non-standard keyboard layout, lack of function keys, limited memory expansion options, and higher price point compared to the existing 800 alienated consumers. Its launch coincided with the video game crash of 1983, further hindering its chances of success. The 1200XL was quickly discontinued, paving the way for the more successful XL series, which addressed many of the 1200XL's shortcomings.

The Atari 1200XL, launched in 1983, represented a tragically missed opportunity for Atari to revitalize its flagging position in the home computer market and recapture the momentum lost amidst the burgeoning video game crash. Intended as a high-end, premium successor to the wildly popular Atari 800, the 1200XL instead stumbled out of the gate, hampered by a series of baffling design decisions and a lack of clear direction that ultimately led to its swift demise and replacement by the more successful XL line.

The article meticulously details the 1200XL's numerous shortcomings, beginning with its perplexing removal of several key features present in its predecessor. The four joystick ports, a staple of the Atari 800 and integral to its multiplayer appeal, were inexplicably reduced to two, severely limiting the console's capacity for group gaming experiences. The built-in memory, while upgraded to a generous 64KB, was implemented in a manner that made it incompatible with existing Atari 800 software and peripherals, forcing users to repurchase software and creating an unnecessary barrier to entry for loyal Atari customers. Further exacerbating the compatibility issues was the redesigned keyboard, which featured a non-standard layout and a spring-loaded mechanism that, while aesthetically pleasing, proved unreliable and unpopular with users.

Beyond these fundamental design flaws, the 1200XL also suffered from a lack of clear market positioning. Priced higher than the Atari 800, it offered few tangible improvements to justify the increased cost, especially given the aforementioned compatibility issues. Furthermore, the machine launched without a clear software strategy, lacking compelling new titles that showcased its supposed capabilities. This left potential buyers wondering what, exactly, the 1200XL offered beyond a sleek, albeit flawed, redesign.

The article argues that the 1200XL's failure stemmed from a combination of internal turmoil within Atari, a misreading of consumer desires, and a rushed development cycle that prioritized form over function. Had Atari focused on enhancing the existing strengths of the Atari 800 while addressing its limitations, rather than attempting a radical and ultimately ill-conceived redesign, the 1200XL might have stood a chance. Instead, it became a cautionary tale of a company struggling to adapt to a rapidly evolving market, ultimately paving the way for the more pragmatic, if less ambitious, 600XL and 800XL models. The 1200XL's short lifespan and limited impact cemented its place as a footnote in Atari's history, a symbol of missed potential and a stark reminder of the importance of listening to one's customer base.

Summary of Comments ( 37 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43714476

Hacker News users discuss the Atari 1200XL's failure, citing its high price, lack of backwards compatibility with popular peripherals, limited improvements over the existing 800XL, and poor marketing as key factors. Some commenters argue that its redesigned keyboard, though unpopular at the time, was actually superior. Others note the internal politics and mismanagement within Atari during this period as contributing to the console's demise. Several users share personal anecdotes of their experiences with the 1200XL, highlighting both its strengths and weaknesses. The overall sentiment is that the 1200XL was a missed opportunity for Atari, representing a pivotal moment in the company's decline.

The Hacker News post titled "The Atari 1200XL Fiasco" linking to an article on goto10retro.com has generated a moderate number of comments, mostly focusing on the technical shortcomings and market missteps of the Atari 1200XL. Several commenters offer firsthand experience or insights gleaned from the era.

A recurring theme is the 1200XL's incompatibility with existing Atari peripherals and software. One commenter highlights the frustration of the limited expansion ports, making popular additions like extra RAM or floppy drives difficult or impossible to connect. This incompatibility is cited as a major factor in the console's failure, as it alienated existing Atari owners who would have to repurchase their accessories.

Another point of contention brought up by multiple users is the keyboard. While lauded for its improved feel over the Atari 400/800's membrane keyboard, the 1200XL's keyboard layout, particularly the placement of the HELP key, is criticized. One commenter recalls personal experience with the awkward layout, and another mentions the lack of function keys which limited its potential as a home computer.

The 1200XL's higher price compared to the existing Atari models is also mentioned as a contributing factor to its poor sales. Commenters point out that the machine offered little in the way of improved performance to justify the increased cost, especially given the incompatibility issues.

Beyond these major points, several comments offer smaller anecdotes and observations. One user shares a story about an acquaintance who worked at Atari and expressed bewilderment at the 1200XL's design choices. Another commenter mentions the subsequent 600XL and 800XL models as evidence that Atari eventually recognized and corrected the mistakes of the 1200XL. Finally, a few comments touch upon the broader context of the video game crash of 1983, suggesting that even a more competently designed 1200XL might have struggled in the face of the market downturn.

While there isn't a single, overwhelmingly compelling comment, the collective discussion paints a picture of the 1200XL as a product hampered by a combination of technical limitations, design flaws, and poor market timing. The comments offer valuable insights into the factors that contributed to the console's failure.

The Curious Case of Jupiter Ace

permalink

Posted: 2025-04-10 12:39:34

The Jupiter Ace, a British home computer from the early 1980s, stood out due to its use of Forth as its primary programming language instead of the more common BASIC. While Forth offered advantages in speed and efficiency, its steeper learning curve likely contributed to the Ace's commercial failure. Despite its innovative use of a then-obscure language and compact, minimalist design, the Jupiter Ace ultimately lost out in the competitive home computer market, becoming a curious footnote in computing history.

The blog post "The Curious Case of Jupiter Ace" delves into the intriguing history of a relatively obscure British home computer released in the early 1980s, the Jupiter Ace. The author paints a picture of a machine born into a fiercely competitive market, already dominated by titans like the Sinclair ZX Spectrum and the Commodore 64. Despite this challenging landscape, the Jupiter Ace dared to be different, distinguishing itself through its utilization of Forth as its primary programming language, a bold choice that set it apart from its BASIC-speaking contemporaries. This decision, while conceptually interesting and potentially powerful for experienced programmers, ultimately contributed to the Ace's downfall. The article meticulously explains the rationale behind choosing Forth, highlighting its efficiency and extensibility, but also acknowledging its steep learning curve and the lack of readily available games, a critical factor for the target audience of home computer users, many of whom were young and primarily interested in entertainment.

The narrative further explores the development and subsequent demise of the Jupiter Cantab, a planned successor to the Ace. This enhanced version aimed to address some of the original machine's shortcomings, boasting improved hardware specifications and the inclusion of BASIC alongside Forth in an attempt to broaden its appeal. However, despite these promising developments, the Cantab ultimately failed to materialize as a commercial product, succumbing to the increasingly cutthroat nature of the home computer market. The post emphasizes the significant role of financial constraints and marketing challenges in the demise of both the Ace and the Cantab. The company behind these machines, Jupiter Cantab Ltd., struggled to secure the necessary funding and market penetration to compete effectively against larger, more established rivals.

Furthermore, the article offers a detailed examination of the technical aspects of the Jupiter Ace, outlining its hardware architecture and the unique capabilities afforded by its Forth-based operating system. The author emphasizes the machine's compactness and affordability, highlighting its minimalist design and relatively low price point. The post also touches upon the cultural context of the early 1980s home computer boom, portraying a period of rapid innovation and fierce competition, where numerous companies vied for the attention and wallets of a burgeoning consumer base. Ultimately, the Jupiter Ace, despite its innovative use of Forth and its dedicated following, became a footnote in the annals of computing history, a testament to the challenging realities of a rapidly evolving technological landscape. The story of the Jupiter Ace, as presented in the post, serves as a cautionary tale of a potentially groundbreaking product hampered by market forces and a failure to fully capture the imagination of the broader consumer base.

Summary of Comments ( 9 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43643197

HN commenters discuss the Jupiter Ace's unique use of Forth, some appreciating its educational value and elegance while others find it esoteric and limiting. Several recall fond memories of using the machine, praising its speed and compact design. The limited software library and RAM are mentioned as drawbacks, alongside the challenges of garbage collection in Forth. The unconventional keyboard layout and the machine's overall fragility are also discussed. One commenter notes the irony of its Sinclair connection, being designed by former Sinclair employees yet failing where Sinclair succeeded. A few comments delve into the technicalities of Forth and its implementation on the Ace, while others lament its ultimate commercial failure despite its innovative aspects.

The Hacker News post titled "The Curious Case of Jupiter Ace" has generated several comments discussing the Jupiter Ace computer, its use of Forth, and its place in computing history.

Several commenters reflected on their own experiences with the Jupiter Ace. Some reminisced about owning or wanting one as a child, while others shared anecdotes about its quirks and capabilities. One commenter even recounted struggling with Forth as a child, eventually giving up and returning to BASIC. Another detailed their experience typing in the entire source code for a chess game from a magazine, highlighting the dedication required by early computer hobbyists.

A key theme in the comments is the discussion surrounding Forth as a programming language. Several commenters explored its advantages and disadvantages. Some praised its efficiency and power, contrasting it with BASIC's limitations. Others pointed out Forth's steep learning curve and unconventional syntax, acknowledging why it might not have appealed to a broader audience. One comment highlighted Chuck Moore, the creator of Forth, and his unique perspectives on computing.

The conversation also touched upon the broader context of the home computer market in the early 1980s. Commenters discussed the fierce competition and the various factors that contributed to the success or failure of different machines. The Jupiter Ace's relatively low price was mentioned as a potential advantage, while its reliance on Forth was seen as a possible reason for its limited commercial success.

Beyond personal experiences and technical details, some comments offered broader reflections on the history of computing and the legacy of machines like the Jupiter Ace. One commenter lamented the disappearance of smaller, more experimental computers, contrasting the vibrant landscape of the early 80s with the more consolidated market of today.

Finally, several commenters provided additional resources and links related to the Jupiter Ace, including emulators, documentation, and historical information, further enriching the discussion and allowing others to explore this piece of computing history.

Retro Computing Artifacts Stream

permalink

Posted: 2025-04-10 02:57:43

The "Retro Computing Artifacts Stream" showcases a curated, continuously updating feed of historical computing items. It pulls images and descriptions from various online archives like the Internet Archive, the Computer History Museum, and others, presenting them in a visually appealing, infinite-scroll format. The stream aims to offer a serendipitous exploration of vintage computers, peripherals, software, manuals, and other related ephemera, providing a glimpse into the evolution of computing technology.

Summary of Comments ( 0 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43640204

Hacker News users generally expressed enthusiasm for the Retro Computing Artifacts Stream, praising its unique concept and the nostalgia it evokes. Several commenters shared personal anecdotes about their experiences with the featured hardware, further enriching the discussion. Some questioned the practicality of using a "water stream" analogy for a data stream, suggesting alternatives like "firehose" might be more apt. Others pointed out potential legal issues surrounding copyrighted ROMs and the need for clear disclaimers. There was also interest in expanding the project to include other retro computing resources and platforms beyond ROMs. A few users suggested technical improvements, like adding timestamps and download links.

The Hacker News post titled "Retro Computing Artifacts Stream" with the ID 43640204 has generated several comments discussing the linked project, a live stream showcasing various retro computing hardware.

Several commenters express general enthusiasm for the project and retro computing in general. One commenter mentions their fondness for old hardware and the enjoyment they derive from watching it function. Another appreciates the calming nature of the stream and the nostalgia it evokes. A few users express a desire for similar streams featuring different retro hardware or specific machines they are interested in.

A key point of discussion revolves around the identification of the hardware being showcased. Several commenters ask about specific pieces of equipment, prompting replies from others who attempt to identify them or offer educated guesses. This collaborative identification process highlights the communal knowledge and enthusiasm within the retro computing community. There's a particular interest in one machine, with multiple users attempting to pinpoint its make and model.

Some comments focus on technical aspects of the stream itself. One user asks about the streaming setup, inquiring about the cameras and capture methods used. This sparks a brief discussion about the challenges of capturing high-quality video of CRT displays and the various techniques that can be employed.

A few commenters share personal anecdotes related to retro computing, reminiscing about their experiences with similar hardware in the past. These stories contribute to a sense of shared nostalgia and appreciation for the history of computing.

One commenter expresses a wish for more interaction or context within the stream itself, suggesting the addition of on-screen information about the displayed hardware or occasional commentary from the streamer.

Overall, the comments are largely positive and reflect a strong interest in the project and retro computing. The discussion revolves around hardware identification, technical aspects of the stream, personal anecdotes, and suggestions for improvement. The collaborative nature of the comments highlights the shared passion within the retro computing community.

A USB Interface to the "Mother of All Demos" Keyset

permalink

Posted: 2025-03-23 15:31:26

Ken Shirriff created a USB interface for a replica of the iconic "keyset" used in Douglas Engelbart's 1968 "Mother of All Demos." This keyset, originally designed for chordal input, now sends USB keystrokes corresponding to the original chord combinations. Shirriff's project involved reverse-engineering the keyset's wiring, designing a custom circuit board to read the key combinations, and programming an ATmega32U4 microcontroller to translate the chords into USB HID keyboard signals. This allows the replica keyset, originally built by Bill Degnan, to be used with modern computers, preserving a piece of computing history.

This blog post by Ken Shirriff details the construction of a custom USB interface for a rare and historically significant keyboard: the keyset used in Douglas Engelbart's "Mother of All Demos" in 1968. This demonstration, a landmark event in computing history, introduced groundbreaking concepts like the mouse, hypertext, and video conferencing to the world. Shirriff's project aimed to make the keyboard, which was originally part of a custom-built input system, usable with modern computers.

The original keyset, which Shirriff acquired, consisted of five keys arranged in a chord keyboard layout. These keys, designed for one-handed operation, could be pressed individually or in combination to produce different characters. The keyset itself lacked any integrated electronics; it simply contained switches that closed circuits when pressed. Its original implementation relied on custom hardware and software tied to the Stanford Research Institute's oN-Line System (NLS).

Shirriff's approach involved designing a circuit board that interfaces the keyset's mechanical switches with a modern computer via USB. He meticulously documented his process, starting with an examination of the keyset's internal wiring and switch mechanisms. This included close-up photographs and diagrams illustrating the physical construction of the keyset. He then proceeded to explain the design and implementation of the USB interface, highlighting his choice of a microcontroller and detailing the necessary firmware to translate key presses into USB HID (Human Interface Device) signals. The firmware utilizes a lookup table to map chord combinations to specific keycodes, effectively emulating a standard keyboard.

The post delves into the technical challenges encountered, such as debouncing the mechanical switches to prevent spurious signals and ensuring reliable communication over USB. Shirriff also discusses the software considerations, including configuring the microcontroller and writing the code to handle key press combinations. The entire project is presented as a fascinating blend of historical preservation and modern electronics, bringing a piece of computing history into the 21st century while preserving its unique functionality. The final product allows the historic keyset to function as a usable keyboard with any modern computer, effectively bridging a 57-year technological gap. The post concludes with reflections on the project and potential future enhancements, like adding a physical enclosure for the electronics.

Summary of Comments ( 78 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43453582

Commenters on Hacker News largely expressed fascination with the project, connecting it to a shared nostalgia for early computing and the "Mother of All Demos." Several praised the creator's dedication and the ingenuity of using a Teensy microcontroller to emulate the historical keyset. Some discussed the technical aspects, including the challenges of replicating the original chord keyboard's behavior and the choice of using a USB interface. A few commenters reminisced about their own experiences with similar historical hardware, highlighting the significance of preserving and interacting with these pieces of computing history. There was also some discussion about the possibility of using this interface with modern emulators or virtual machines.

The Hacker News post titled "A USB Interface to the 'Mother of All Demos' Keyset" sparked a discussion with several interesting comments.

One commenter pointed out the historical significance, noting how Engelbart's demo predicted so much of modern computing. They expressed a sense of awe at how Engelbart essentially built the future, emphasizing the monumental nature of his achievements. Another commenter chimed in with a similar sentiment, drawing a parallel to Van Bush's "As We May Think" article, highlighting how these visionaries laid the groundwork for the interconnected digital world we inhabit today.

The technical details of the USB interface also drew attention. One user asked about the specifics of how the chord keyset was implemented, leading to a response explaining the use of a Teensy microcontroller and the QMK keyboard firmware. This exchange offered a glimpse into the practical aspects of the project and the tools used to bring this piece of computing history into the modern age.

Several commenters expressed excitement about the project, with one even stating a desire to build their own. This enthusiasm underscored the enduring appeal of Engelbart's work and the inspiration it continues to provide. Another commenter reflected on the challenges of using such a keyset, acknowledging the steep learning curve but also the potential rewards of mastering a powerful and efficient input method.

There was also a discussion about the original keyset's limitations. One commenter mentioned the difficulty of using it without looking, and another pointed out that the five-finger design was ultimately too complex for widespread adoption. This thread highlighted the balance between innovative design and practical usability.

Finally, a commenter shared a link to Ken Shirriff's blog post about Engelbart's system, offering further context and technical details for those interested in delving deeper into the subject. This provided a valuable resource for anyone wanting to learn more about the historical and technical background of the "Mother of All Demos."

In summary, the comments on Hacker News reflected a mix of admiration for Engelbart's legacy, curiosity about the technical implementation of the USB interface, and discussion about the practicalities and limitations of the original keyset design. The overall tone was one of appreciation for this project that bridges the gap between a landmark moment in computing history and the present day.

More pro for the DEC Professional 380 (featuring PRO/VENIX)

permalink

Posted: 2025-03-16 02:31:59

The blog post highlights the DEC Professional 380's strengths as a retrocomputing platform, specifically its ability to run the PRO/VENIX operating system. The author successfully installed and showcases PRO/VENIX 2.0 on the 380, demonstrating its impressive speed and functionality compared to the standard P/OS. The post emphasizes the sleek and responsive nature of PRO/VENIX, particularly its windowing system and overall performance improvements, making the 380 feel like a more modern machine. The author concludes that PRO/VENIX significantly enhances the user experience and opens up new possibilities for the DEC Professional 380.

This blog post, titled "More pro for the DEC Professional 380 (featuring PRO/VENIX)," delves into the enhanced capabilities and allure of the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) Professional 380 personal computer, specifically when operating under the PRO/VENIX operating system. The author elaborates on their previous post about the machine, further extolling its virtues and explaining why it has become their preferred retrocomputing environment.

The central theme revolves around the seamless integration of PRO/VENIX, a licensed version of the Unix System V operating system, with the Professional 380's hardware. This synergy, according to the author, elevates the 380 from a somewhat obscure and underappreciated machine to a powerful and highly enjoyable vintage computing experience. The author highlights the stability and responsiveness of PRO/VENIX, contrasting it with the more common MS-DOS environment typically associated with the Professional 380. They detail the ease with which they installed the operating system from original floppy disks, a process facilitated by the well-preserved condition of the media.

Furthermore, the post emphasizes the rich software ecosystem available for PRO/VENIX, making the Professional 380 a versatile platform capable of fulfilling a variety of retrocomputing tasks. The author specifically mentions the availability and functionality of tools like troff, nroff, and the C compiler, indicating the system's suitability for document processing and software development. They underscore the satisfaction derived from using these tools in an authentic historical context, experiencing computing as it was in the past.

The author also provides a visual tour of the system in operation, showcasing screenshots of various applications and the command-line interface. These images serve to illustrate the clean and efficient user interface of PRO/VENIX and further reinforce the author’s positive impressions. The overall tone of the post is one of enthusiastic rediscovery, presenting the DEC Professional 380 with PRO/VENIX not just as a functional vintage computer, but as a captivating and rewarding glimpse into the history of computing. The author concludes by expressing a renewed appreciation for this particular combination of hardware and software, solidifying its place as a preferred choice among their collection of retrocomputing systems.

Summary of Comments ( 4 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43376570

Hacker News users discuss the DEC Professional 380, primarily focusing on its historical significance and the PRO/VENIX operating system. Several commenters reminisce about using the machine, praising its then-advanced features and performance. Some highlight its role in bridging the gap between minicomputers and personal computers. The robustness of the hardware and the positive experience with PRO/VENIX are recurring themes. There's also mention of its connection to the VT100 terminal and how the 380 compared to other systems like the IBM PC and the Apple II. A few commenters express surprise at the system's relative obscurity, given its capabilities.

A technical history of Acorn Computers

permalink

Posted: 2025-03-10 14:35:05

Acorn Computers, born from a Cambridge-based electronics shop, evolved from early microcomputers like the System 1 to the iconic BBC Micro, fueled by a partnership with the British Broadcasting Corporation. This success spurred further development, including the ARM architecture, born from the Acorn RISC Machine project, and the Archimedes range utilizing this new processor. Despite innovative designs like the Acorn RISC PC and the Network Computer, Acorn struggled against the growing dominance of the PC market. Ultimately, Acorn transitioned into ARM Ltd, focusing solely on the increasingly successful ARM processor design, leaving behind its legacy of influential computers and its profound impact on the UK computing landscape.

This extensive online resource meticulously chronicles the technical evolution of Acorn Computers Ltd., a British company that played a pivotal role in the personal computer revolution, particularly in the UK. The narrative begins with Acorn's humble beginnings in 1978, originating from a Cambridge-based electronics consultancy named CPU (Cambridge Processor Unit). The site details the initial projects undertaken by CPU, laying the groundwork for Acorn's subsequent emergence.

The narrative progresses through Acorn's early microcomputer systems, starting with the Acorn System 1, a kit-based machine designed for hobbyists. The subsequent System 2, System 3, and System 4 are discussed, emphasizing their incremental advancements in hardware capabilities and design. The piece then delves into the Atom, highlighting its significance as a more polished and commercially viable product, powered by the 6502 processor. This discussion includes details of the Atom's architecture, expansion capabilities, and its role in establishing Acorn's foothold in the burgeoning personal computer market.

A significant portion of the history focuses on the BBC Microcomputer, arguably Acorn's most iconic creation. The story unfolds with the BBC's Computer Literacy Project and Acorn's winning bid to produce the educational machine that would become synonymous with a generation of British computer users. The site painstakingly details the technical specifications of the BBC Micro, including its MOS Technology 6502 processor, sophisticated video capabilities, and its innovative use of a second processor, the Ferranti ULA (Uncommitted Logic Array). The various models of the BBC Micro, including the Model A, Model B, and the later Model B+, are examined, highlighting their distinct features and enhancements.

The narrative then transitions to the Acorn Electron, a cost-reduced version of the BBC Micro aimed at the home market. The Electron's design compromises and its eventual fate are explored. The subsequent rise of the Acorn Archimedes range is discussed, emphasizing its revolutionary use of the ARM (Acorn RISC Machine) processor, a groundbreaking architecture that would go on to dominate the mobile computing landscape. The architecture of the Archimedes, its operating system (RISC OS), and its performance advantages are examined in detail.

The later years of Acorn are also covered, including the development of the A3000, A4000, A5000, and Risc PC series of computers. The site details the evolving ARM processors used in these machines, the advancements in RISC OS, and the changing market dynamics that influenced Acorn's strategic decisions. The eventual shift in Acorn's focus towards the ARM processor business, culminating in the formation of ARM Holdings, is also chronicled.

The site’s comprehensive approach includes numerous photographs, diagrams, and technical specifications of the various Acorn systems, providing a rich and detailed picture of their evolution. The narrative effectively captures the innovative spirit of Acorn Computers, its contribution to the personal computer industry, and the enduring legacy of the ARM processor. The document serves as a valuable resource for anyone interested in the history of computing, particularly the pivotal role played by Acorn Computers in shaping the technology we use today.

Summary of Comments ( 1 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43321131

Hacker News users discuss the linked history of Acorn Computers, praising its comprehensiveness and detailed technical information. Several commenters reminisce about their experiences with Acorn machines, particularly the BBC Micro and Archimedes, highlighting their role in the UK's computing history and education. Some discuss the innovative features of Acorn's RISC architecture and its influence on ARM processors. Others mention Acorn's business struggles and the eventual dominance of x86, while acknowledging the company's lasting legacy through ARM. A few users also share personal anecdotes about using Acorn machines for programming, gaming, and even running small businesses. The overall sentiment is one of nostalgia and appreciation for Acorn's contributions to the computing world.

The Hacker News post titled "A technical history of Acorn Computers" sparked a lively discussion with several insightful comments. Many users reminisced about their experiences with Acorn machines, highlighting their influence and innovation.

One commenter shared a personal anecdote about their school acquiring a BBC Micro and how it ignited their passion for programming. They fondly recalled the excitement of using the machine and the impact it had on their career trajectory. This sentiment was echoed by others who expressed similar formative experiences with Acorn computers, emphasizing the accessibility and educational value of the platform.

Another commenter delved into the technical aspects of the Acorn Archimedes, praising its advanced RISC architecture and the innovative ARM processor. They highlighted the forward-thinking design of the Archimedes and how it paved the way for the ubiquitous ARM processors found in countless devices today. This point sparked further discussion about the technical merits of Acorn's designs and their lasting legacy in the computing world.

The conversation also touched upon the business aspects of Acorn, with some commenters lamenting the company's eventual decline and acquisition. They discussed the challenges Acorn faced in competing with larger players in the market and speculated on alternative paths the company could have taken.

Several users mentioned the role of the BBC Micro in the UK education system and its impact on a generation of programmers and computer enthusiasts. They discussed the educational software available for the platform and how it fostered a culture of learning and experimentation.

Some commenters also pointed out the influence of Acorn on the development of the RISC-V architecture, drawing parallels between the design philosophies of both. They discussed the open-source nature of RISC-V and its potential to carry on the legacy of Acorn's innovative approach to computer architecture.

Overall, the comments section paints a picture of Acorn as a highly influential company with a dedicated following. The users' recollections and technical insights provide a valuable perspective on Acorn's contributions to the computing world and its lasting impact on the industry.

The IBM 650: An appreciation from the field (1986) [pdf]

permalink

Posted: 2025-03-03 10:19:58

Donald Knuth's 1986 reflection on the IBM 650 celebrates its profound impact on his formative years as a programmer and computer scientist. He fondly details the machine's quirks, from its rotating magnetic drum memory and bi-quinary arithmetic to its unique assembly language, SOAP. Knuth emphasizes the 650's educational value, arguing that its limitations encouraged creative problem-solving and a deep understanding of computational processes. He contrasts this with the relative "black box" nature of later machines, lamenting the lost art of optimizing code for specific hardware characteristics. Ultimately, the essay is a tribute to the 650's role in fostering a generation of programmers who learned to think deeply about computation at a fundamental level.

Donald E. Knuth's 1986 reflection, "The IBM 650: An Appreciation from the Field," offers a deeply personal and meticulously detailed account of his formative experiences with the IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Data-Processing Machine. Knuth frames the 650 not merely as a piece of historical computing hardware, but as a pivotal catalyst in his own intellectual development and a representative example of the challenges and triumphs of early computing.

The article begins by situating the 650 within the broader technological landscape of the mid-1950s, highlighting its relative affordability and accessibility compared to larger mainframe computers of the era. Knuth vividly recounts his initial encounter with the machine at Case Institute of Technology, emphasizing the aura of mystique and excitement that surrounded it. He describes the 650's physical characteristics, including its imposing size, the constantly whirring magnetic drum, and the blinking console lights, evoking a sense of the machine's tangible presence.

A significant portion of the article is devoted to explaining the intricacies of the 650's architecture and operation. Knuth delves into the specifics of its decimal arithmetic system, the bi-quinary representation of digits, and the concept of "optimally addressed memory," where instructions were strategically placed on the rotating drum to minimize access time. He provides concrete examples of assembly language programming, illustrating the meticulous planning and optimization required to achieve efficient execution. He even describes the process of physically loading programs onto the drum via punched cards and the suspense of waiting for the output.

Beyond the technical details, Knuth reflects on the impact the 650 had on his thinking and problem-solving approach. He discusses how the limitations of the machine, such as its limited memory and relatively slow processing speed, forced programmers to be resourceful and creative. He argues that these constraints, rather than being hindrances, fostered a deep understanding of computational processes and encouraged the development of elegant and efficient algorithms. He also recounts the thrill of successfully debugging a program and the satisfaction of witnessing the machine execute complex calculations.

Knuth's narrative is interwoven with anecdotes and personal reflections, adding a human dimension to the technical discussion. He shares stories of late-night programming sessions, the camaraderie among fellow users, and the occasional frustrations of dealing with hardware malfunctions. He mentions specific individuals who influenced his understanding of the 650 and shaped his trajectory in computer science. The article concludes with a nostalgic look back at the 650's legacy, acknowledging its limitations while simultaneously celebrating its significant contribution to the evolution of computing. He expresses gratitude for the opportunity to have learned on such a groundbreaking machine and recognizes the profound impact it had on his intellectual journey.

Summary of Comments ( 10 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43240301

HN commenters generally express appreciation for Knuth's historical perspective and the glimpse into early computing. Several share personal anecdotes of using the IBM 650, recalling its quirks like the rotating drum memory and the challenges of programming with SOAP (Symbolic Optimum Assembly Program). Some discuss the significant impact the 650 had despite its limitations, highlighting its role in educating a generation of programmers and paving the way for future advancements. One commenter points out the machine's influence on Knuth's later work, specifically The Art of Computer Programming. Others compare and contrast the 650 with other early computers and discuss the evolution of programming languages and techniques. A few commenters express interest in emulating the 650.

The Hacker News post titled "The IBM 650: An appreciation from the field (1986) [pdf]" linking to a PDF of Donald Knuth's reflections on the IBM 650 has generated several comments. Many commenters share their own nostalgic experiences and technical insights related to the machine.

One compelling comment thread discusses the "quirks" of the IBM 650's architecture, particularly its decimal arithmetic and the use of bi-quinary representation. Commenters detail how these design choices, while seemingly unusual today, were logical given the technological constraints of the time and the desire for easy conversion to and from decimal for human operators. They delve into the specific mechanics of bi-quinary, explaining how it facilitated error detection and offered advantages in implementing arithmetic circuits.

Several commenters reminisce about their personal experiences using the IBM 650 or similar machines, sharing anecdotes about programming with punched cards, the physical presence and sounds of the machine, and the challenges of debugging code in that era. These personal stories provide a vivid illustration of the early days of computing.

Another commenter highlights the influence of the IBM 650 on the development of symbolic assemblers, specifically SOAP (Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program). They explain how the constraints of the machine's architecture, like its limited memory capacity and the nature of its instruction set, drove innovation in programming tools.

The discussion also touches on the broader historical context of the IBM 650, its role in the evolution of computer science education, and its impact on subsequent computer architectures. One comment emphasizes the importance of Knuth's writing in preserving the history of computing, allowing modern readers to appreciate the ingenuity and challenges faced by early computer pioneers.

A few comments focus on the technical details of the IBM 650's magnetic drum memory, including discussions about its capacity, access times, and the techniques used to optimize program performance by strategically placing instructions and data on the drum to minimize latency.

Finally, several commenters express their appreciation for the opportunity to read Knuth's reflections, praising his clear and engaging writing style and his ability to convey the essence of working with a now-historic machine. The general sentiment reflects a fascination with the history of computing and an acknowledgment of the IBM 650's significant role in its development.

ACCESS.bus: The Forgotten USB Competitor

permalink

Posted: 2025-03-02 23:21:52

ACCESS.bus, developed by ACCESS Co., Ltd., was a short-lived attempt to create a low-cost, low-power alternative to USB in the late 1990s, primarily for connecting peripherals like keyboards and mice. Leveraging the already established I²C protocol, it aimed for simplicity and minimal hardware requirements. Despite backing from major Japanese manufacturers and some limited adoption in devices like digital cameras and PDAs, ACCESS.bus ultimately failed to gain significant traction against the rapidly growing dominance of USB, fading into obscurity by the early 2000s. Its failure was largely due to USB's broader industry support, superior performance for higher-bandwidth devices, and its eventual standardization and adoption across diverse platforms.

The article "ACCESS.bus: The Forgotten USB Competitor" delves into the intriguing history of a now-obsolete peripheral connection standard known as ACCESS.bus, developed by a consortium led by Access Co., Ltd. The piece meticulously details how ACCESS.bus, despite possessing some arguably advantageous features compared to the ultimately ubiquitous USB, faded into technological obscurity. Emerging in the late 1990s, a period of intense competition in the realm of computer peripheral connectivity, ACCESS.bus aimed to provide a straightforward and efficient interface primarily for connecting low-bandwidth devices like keyboards, mice, and joysticks to personal computers.

The author emphasizes the technical underpinnings of ACCESS.bus, explaining its reliance on the established I²C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) protocol as a foundation. This choice offered simplicity and low cost of implementation, making it appealing to manufacturers. Furthermore, the article highlights the bus's inherent support for multi-drop connections, allowing multiple devices to be daisy-chained together on a single cable, a feature absent in early USB iterations. This potentially simplified cable management and reduced port usage, addressing a common frustration with burgeoning desktop peripherals.

Despite these apparent advantages, ACCESS.bus ultimately failed to gain significant market traction. The article attributes this failure to a confluence of factors. Crucially, the arrival and rapid adoption of USB, backed by industry giants like Intel and Microsoft, created an insurmountable competitive hurdle. USB’s wider industry support translated into broader device compatibility and driver availability, making it the preferred choice for both consumers and manufacturers. Furthermore, while ACCESS.bus excelled in low-bandwidth applications, its limitations in terms of power delivery and data transfer speed became increasingly apparent as peripherals evolved. The growing demand for higher bandwidth devices like printers and scanners further exposed the shortcomings of ACCESS.bus.

The article portrays ACCESS.bus as a technologically sound solution that ultimately fell victim to the dynamics of market competition and evolving technological demands. While briefly embraced by some manufacturers, particularly in the Japanese market, its limited adoption and eventual disappearance serve as a case study in how technical merit alone is not always sufficient to guarantee success in the fast-paced world of consumer electronics. The piece concludes by lamenting the lost potential of ACCESS.bus, suggesting that its multi-drop capabilities and inherent simplicity could have offered a valuable alternative in certain niche applications, even in the present day. The author's tone suggests a degree of nostalgic appreciation for this forgotten technology, highlighting its place as an interesting footnote in the history of computing.

Summary of Comments ( 1 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43236370

Several Hacker News commenters discussed ACCESS.bus's technical merits compared to USB. Some argued that while ACCESS.bus offered advantages like cheaper connectors and isochronous data transfer crucial for audio, its downfall was due to poorer marketing and industry support compared to the Intel-backed USB. Others pointed out that ACCESS.bus's use of a 7-bit addressing scheme limited it to 127 devices, a significant constraint compared to USB's much larger capacity. The conversation also touched upon the complexity of ACCESS.bus drivers and its apparent susceptibility to noise, alongside its prevalence in specific niches like high-end audio equipment in Japan. A few commenters reminisced about using ACCESS.bus devices and noted the lack of readily available information about the technology today, contributing to its "forgotten" status.

The Hacker News post titled "ACCESS.bus: The Forgotten USB Competitor" generated several comments discussing the article about the now-obsolete ACCESS.bus. Many of the comments revolve around personal experiences and technical details related to the technology.

One commenter notes their surprise at learning ACCESS.bus wasn't simply a Japanese standard, having only encountered it on Sharp Zaurus devices. They express fondness for the connector, describing it as "robust" and "satisfyingly chunky." This sentiment regarding the physical connector is echoed by another commenter who recalls liking the connector more than mini-USB.

Several commenters discuss the prevalence of ACCESS.bus in specific devices. Multiple users mention seeing it on Casio digital cameras and Sharp organizers. One individual recalls encountering it on a GPS device. Another commenter notes that while it was seemingly ubiquitous in Japan for a period, they'd never seen it used on anything else, reinforcing the perception of it as a primarily Japanese standard.

The technical aspects of ACCESS.bus are also discussed. One commenter correctly points out that the article misrepresents the bus as being half-duplex, when in fact, it's a full-duplex standard capable of simultaneous send and receive. This correction leads to a brief discussion about the implications of half-duplex versus full-duplex communication.

Another technical point raised is the bus's relatively low speed compared to USB, with one comment suggesting this limitation contributed to its eventual downfall.

A few comments touch on the broader context of competing standards in the technology industry, with one commenter reminiscing about the "connector hell" of the late 90s and early 2000s before USB achieved dominance. Another comment laments the lack of a single, unified connector standard even today, despite USB's widespread adoption.

Finally, some comments express general appreciation for the article and the opportunity to learn about a piece of forgotten technology history. One user remarks on the cyclical nature of technology, noting how older standards sometimes reappear in modified forms.

The 8-Bit Era's Weird Uncle: The TI-99/4A

permalink

Posted: 2025-02-16 18:56:34

The Texas Instruments TI-99/4A, while technically part of the 8-bit generation, stood apart with its unique quirks. Its 16-bit processor was hampered by a sluggish 3MHz clock speed and a convoluted memory access system, leading to underwhelming performance. Despite having advanced features like sprites and smooth scrolling, the TI-99/4A was held back by its limited color palette, expensive peripherals, and a small, cartridge-based game library compared to its competitors. Its unusual design choices and limitations, while intriguing, ultimately contributed to its commercial failure, solidifying its status as an oddity of the 8-bit era.

The blog post, "The 8-Bit Era's Weird Uncle: The TI-99/4A," delves into the idiosyncratic nature of the Texas Instruments TI-99/4A home computer, portraying it as an outlier amongst its 8-bit contemporaries. The author argues that while the TI-99/4A boasted advanced features for its time, such as its 16-bit processor and dedicated sound and graphics hardware, a confluence of factors ultimately contributed to its commercial underperformance and its legacy as a curious footnote in computing history.

A significant point of discussion centers on the limitations imposed by Texas Instruments' corporate structure. The company, accustomed to the semiconductor business, reportedly struggled to adapt to the rapidly evolving consumer market, leading to a perceived disconnect between the TI-99/4A's capabilities and the desires of its target audience. This is illustrated by the company's insistence on retaining tight control over software development, stifling third-party contributions and limiting the available software library. This strategy, contrasting sharply with the open ecosystem fostered by competitors like Commodore and Atari, arguably hindered the TI-99/4A's ability to build a thriving user community and a diverse range of compelling software titles.

Furthermore, the blog post highlights technical peculiarities of the TI-99/4A that, while innovative in concept, arguably contributed to its downfall. The author elaborates on the unconventional design choices surrounding the console's memory management and video output, suggesting that these elements, while technically impressive, introduced complexities that hampered game development and ultimately resulted in a less-than-stellar gaming experience. The reliance on cartridges for software distribution, while offering advantages in terms of loading speed, is also cited as a contributing factor to the system's limited software library and higher game prices compared to cassette-based systems.

The author also explores the TI-99/4A's unique peripherals, including the speech synthesizer and the rather peculiar joysticks, noting their distinctive features while also pointing out their limitations. The speech synthesizer, though a technological marvel for its time, is described as having somewhat limited practical applications, while the joysticks, with their unconventional design, are presented as an example of the system's overall quirkiness.

In conclusion, the blog post paints a picture of the TI-99/4A as a machine ahead of its time in certain aspects, yet hampered by a combination of corporate missteps, technical complexities, and design choices that ultimately prevented it from achieving mainstream success. It is presented not as a failure, per se, but rather as a fascinating case study of a computer that, despite its innovative features, remained on the periphery of the 8-bit era, earning its designation as the "weird uncle" of the home computer family.

Summary of Comments ( 84 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43070558

Several Hacker News commenters reminisce fondly about the TI-99/4A, praising its impressive sound and graphics for its time. Some recall the unique peripheral expansion system and fondly remember specific games like Parsec and Alpiner. A few discuss the limitations, such as the slow CPU and unconventional keyboard, and the business decisions that led to the TI-99/4A's ultimate failure. The unusual cartridge design and TI's strategy of locking out third-party developers also come up as points of discussion, contributing to the system's "weird uncle" status. Others lament the loss of TI's groundbreaking speech synthesizer module. Overall, the comments paint a picture of a system with significant potential hampered by corporate mismanagement, making it a fascinating footnote in computing history.

The Hacker News post discussing the TI-99/4A has a moderate number of comments, offering a mix of personal experiences, technical insights, and historical context. Several commenters share nostalgic memories of the TI-99/4A, recalling its unique features and quirks. One user recounts their father purchasing the computer and the excitement surrounding it, while also acknowledging its limitations compared to other systems of the time. Another fondly remembers the speech synthesizer peripheral and the thrill of hearing the computer "talk."

Several comments delve into the technical aspects of the TI-99/4A, discussing its unique architecture, particularly the TMS9900 processor and its unusual memory management. One commenter highlights the challenges posed by the 16-bit processor being constrained by a 16-bit memory bus, and the impact this had on performance. The unusual video display processor (the TMS9918A) is also mentioned, with some noting its capabilities while others discuss its limitations.

The TI-99/4A's place in the broader 8-bit era is also a subject of discussion. Several comments compare it to other popular systems of the time, such as the Commodore 64 and the Apple II, noting its relative strengths and weaknesses. One commenter argues that the TI-99/4A's limited success was due in part to Texas Instruments' closed-platform approach, contrasting it with the more open and expandable nature of its competitors. The marketing strategy of Texas Instruments is also brought up, with some suggesting that the company's initial focus on cartridges and later pivot to cheaper, less robust, tape storage contributed to its decline.

Some commenters also touch upon the legacy of the TI-99/4A and its influence on later systems. One user points out the impressive sound capabilities for its time, attributing them to the TMS9919 sound chip. Another discusses the community of enthusiasts who continue to support and develop for the system today. Overall, the comments paint a picture of the TI-99/4A as a unique and somewhat misunderstood machine, appreciated by those who experienced it firsthand and recognized for its innovative, if ultimately commercially unsuccessful, features. A few commenters mention specific games or software titles, further illustrating the personal connection many users had with this particular computer.

Work at the Mill Or, the Story of Digital Equipment Corporation

permalink

Posted: 2025-02-10 17:39:28

"Work at the Mill" tells the story of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) through the lens of its unique and influential culture. From its modest beginnings in a Maynard, Massachusetts wool mill, DEC fostered a highly engineering-driven, decentralized environment that prioritized innovation and individual contribution. This culture, while empowering and productive in its early years, ultimately contributed to DEC's downfall as the company struggled to adapt to the changing demands of the personal computer market. The "engineering first" mentality, coupled with internal politics and a resistance to centralized management, prevented DEC from effectively competing with more agile and market-oriented companies, leading to its eventual acquisition by Compaq. The narrative emphasizes how DEC's initial strengths became its weaknesses, offering a cautionary tale about the importance of adapting to a changing technological landscape.

The blog post "Work at the Mill, Or, the Story of Digital Equipment Corporation" provides a comprehensive, albeit nostalgic, exploration of the rise and fall of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), a once-dominant force in the computing industry. The author meticulously paints a picture of DEC's unique culture, emphasizing its profound impact on the technological landscape and the indelible mark it left on its employees. The narrative begins by highlighting DEC's early successes, attributing them to a potent combination of innovative engineering, a fiercely independent spirit, and a decentralized organizational structure that fostered creativity and rapid product development. This decentralized model, often referred to as the "matrix management" system, allowed engineers considerable autonomy and encouraged them to pursue projects they were passionate about, a stark contrast to the more rigid hierarchies of competing companies. The post details the development and evolution of DEC's groundbreaking products, including the PDP and VAX series of minicomputers, which revolutionized the industry by making powerful computing accessible to a wider range of users than ever before.

The author expounds on the "Engineering Culture" that permeated DEC, describing a workplace where engineers were treated like royalty, empowered to take risks, and encouraged to constantly innovate. This environment bred a strong sense of loyalty and camaraderie amongst employees, fostering a unique "DEC identity" that extended beyond the workplace. The narrative elaborates on the company's generous benefits, including profit sharing, stock options, and a commitment to employee growth and development, all contributing to a highly motivated and productive workforce. The post portrays DEC's rapid expansion and its subsequent struggles to adapt to the changing landscape of the computing industry, particularly the rise of the personal computer. The narrative suggests that the very decentralized structure that fueled DEC's initial success ultimately became a hindrance, leading to internal conflicts, fragmented product lines, and an inability to effectively compete with the emerging giants of the PC era.

The decline of DEC is depicted with a sense of melancholy, highlighting the painful layoffs, restructuring efforts, and eventual acquisition by Compaq, which itself was later absorbed by Hewlett-Packard. The author laments the loss of the unique culture and the innovative spirit that defined DEC, suggesting that the industry lost something valuable with its demise. The post concludes with a reflection on the enduring legacy of DEC, emphasizing its contributions to the computing world and the lasting impact it had on the lives and careers of its employees. The narrative leaves the reader with a poignant sense of nostalgia for a bygone era of technological innovation and a unique corporate culture that may never be replicated.

Summary of Comments ( 22 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43002906

Hacker News users discuss the changing nature of work and the decline of "lifetime employment" exemplified by DEC's history. Some commenters reminisce about their time at DEC, praising its engineering culture and lamenting its downfall, attributing it to factors like mismanagement, arrogance, and an inability to adapt to the changing market. Others draw parallels between DEC and contemporary tech companies, speculating about which of today's giants might be the "next DEC." Several discuss the broader shift away from paternalistic employment models and the rise of a more transactional relationship between employers and employees. Some express nostalgia for the perceived stability and community of the past, while others argue that the current system, despite its flaws, offers greater opportunity and dynamism. The cyclical nature of industries and the importance of continuous adaptation are recurring themes.

The Hacker News comments section for "Work at the Mill Or, the Story of Digital Equipment Corporation" contains a lively discussion sparked by the linked article about DEC's history. Several commenters reflect on their personal experiences with DEC, its culture, and its eventual decline.

A recurring theme is nostalgia for DEC's engineering-driven culture. One commenter who worked there describes it as a "golden age," highlighting the freedom engineers had to explore new ideas and the company's commitment to high-quality products. Another commenter praises DEC's early adoption of networks and its emphasis on customer support. These positive recollections paint a picture of a company that valued innovation and its employees.

However, other commenters offer more critical perspectives. Some argue that DEC's downfall was due to its inability to adapt to the changing market, particularly the rise of the personal computer. They point to DEC's resistance to embracing open systems and its focus on proprietary technology as key factors in its eventual demise. One commenter specifically mentions DEC's reluctance to acknowledge the potential of the PC, viewing it as a toy rather than a serious computing platform. This missed opportunity, according to some, allowed competitors like IBM and Apple to seize control of the burgeoning PC market.

Several commenters discuss the impact of DEC's organizational structure. One suggests that the company's decentralized nature, while initially fostering innovation, eventually led to internal competition and a lack of focus. Another commenter notes the challenges posed by the "matrix management" system, which sometimes created confusion and conflicting priorities.

There's also discussion of Ken Olsen's leadership and his infamous pronouncements, such as his skepticism about the personal computer. Some commenters defend Olsen, arguing that his vision was ultimately correct in the long run, even if DEC couldn't execute on it. Others criticize his stubbornness and resistance to change.

The thread also touches on the technical aspects of DEC's products, with commenters reminiscing about VAX/VMS and other technologies. One commenter shares an anecdote about the robustness of DEC's hardware, recalling a system that survived a lightning strike.

Overall, the comments offer a multifaceted view of DEC's history, acknowledging both its successes and its failures. The discussion combines personal anecdotes, historical analysis, and technical insights, providing a rich and engaging perspective on the rise and fall of a once-dominant tech giant.

An invalid 68030 instruction accidentally allowed the Mac Classic II to boot

permalink

Posted: 2025-01-25 20:29:41

A quirk in the Motorola 68030 processor inadvertently enabled the Mac Classic II to boot despite its ROM lacking proper 32-bit addressing support. The Classic II's ROM mistakenly used a "MOVEA" instruction with a 32-bit address, which should have caused a failure on the 24-bit address bus. However, the 68030, when configured for a 24-bit bus, ignores the upper byte of the 32-bit address in this specific instruction. This unintentional compatibility allowed the flawed ROM to function, making the Classic II's boot process seemingly normal despite the underlying programming error.

Doug Brown's blog post, "An invalid 68030 instruction accidentally allowed the Mac Classic II to successfully boot up," details a fascinating discovery related to the boot process of the Mac Classic II. This compact Macintosh model, released in 1991, utilized the Motorola 68030 processor. Brown, an enthusiast of retro computing, was investigating a peculiar behavior he observed while experimenting with the machine.

The Classic II, as shipped, is equipped with a specific ROM chip. Brown had replaced this original ROM with a modified one. This modified ROM contained code designed to patch certain aspects of the system software. During the boot sequence with this modified ROM, an unexpected and seemingly erroneous instruction was being executed on the 68030 processor. This instruction, specifically a "MOVE from SR," attempted to move the contents of the status register (SR), a critical processor register holding flags and other control bits, into a data register. According to official Motorola documentation, this particular form of the instruction, involving a direct move from the status register, is undefined and should not function correctly on a 68030. One would typically expect such an illegal instruction to trigger an exception, halting the boot process.

Remarkably, instead of crashing, the Mac Classic II continued to boot successfully. Brown's meticulous investigation revealed that, due to a specific quirk in the 68030's microcode implementation on the Classic II, this normally invalid instruction was actually being interpreted and executed as a legal, albeit different, instruction: "MOVE from CCR." The CCR, or Condition Code Register, is a subset of the larger SR, holding only the condition code flags. This unintentional substitution allowed the boot process to proceed unimpeded, despite the presence of the erroneous instruction.

Furthermore, Brown discovered that the errant "MOVE from SR" instruction was a remnant of code designed for older Macintosh models that used the Motorola 68000 processor. On the 68000, this instruction was valid. When the ROM code was adapted for the 68030-based Classic II, this particular instruction was inadvertently left unchanged.

The serendipitous outcome, where an invalid instruction was misinterpreted as a valid one with similar functionality, highlights the subtle complexities and occasional unintended behaviors that can arise within computer systems. It underscores how seemingly minor differences in processor microcode can have significant, and sometimes unexpected, consequences. The incident provided a unique learning experience for Brown, shedding light on the intricacies of the Mac Classic II's hardware and the legacy code it ran.

Summary of Comments ( 1 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42824562

Hacker News commenters on the Mac Classic II boot anomaly generally express fascination with the technical details and the serendipitous nature of the discovery. Several commenters delve into the specifics of 680x0 instruction sets and how an invalid instruction could inadvertently lead to a successful boot, speculating about memory initialization and undocumented behavior. Some share anecdotes about similar unexpected behaviors encountered during their own retrocomputing explorations. A few commenters also highlight the importance of such stories in preserving computer history and understanding the quirks of older hardware. The overall sentiment reflects appreciation for the ingenuity and occasional happy accidents that shaped early computing.

The Hacker News post discussing the article "The invalid 68030 instruction that accidentally allowed the Mac Classic II to boot" has generated several interesting comments.

Several users discuss the nature of the undocumented movc instruction and its behavior on different Motorola 680x0 processors. One user highlights the difference between the 68020 and 68030 behavior regarding the CCR and SR registers, pointing out that setting specific bits in the SR unintentionally enables MMU functionality on the 68030, which wasn't intended for the Classic II. This accidental side effect is what allowed the machine to boot. The discussion expands to cover how these subtleties often lead to unexpected discoveries in computing.

Another commenter reminisces about working with early Macintosh ROMs and the challenges of debugging without source code or comprehensive documentation. They mention the use of disassemblers and the process of painstakingly figuring out the purpose of various memory locations and instructions.

A separate thread delves into the specific MMU configuration enabled by the errant instruction. Commenters analyze the resulting address mapping and speculate on how this setup might impact performance and memory access. They also discuss the implications of running code designed for a simpler memory model on a system with an active MMU.

One user shares an anecdote about a similar "happy accident" in embedded systems development, where an undocumented behavior of a peripheral chip led to a performance boost. They draw a parallel with the Mac Classic II situation, emphasizing how unintended consequences can sometimes have positive outcomes.

The conversation also touches upon the broader history of Macintosh development and the constraints faced by engineers at the time. One comment mentions the limited resources and tight deadlines that often led to unconventional solutions and "hacks."

Finally, several comments simply express appreciation for the article and the insights it provides into the inner workings of early Macintosh hardware. They praise the author's ability to explain complex technical details in a clear and engaging manner.

Urban legend: I think there is a world market for maybe five computers

permalink

Posted: 2025-01-22 12:12:37

The frequently misattributed quote, "I think there is a world market for maybe five computers," is almost certainly not something Thomas Watson (Sr. or Jr.) of IBM ever said. While the exact origin remains elusive, the phrase likely emerged in the early days of computing as a reflection of the then-prevailing belief that computers were massive, expensive machines suitable only for government or large corporations. The story's persistence stems from its encapsulating the difficulty of predicting technological advancements and the dramatic evolution of computers from room-sized behemoths to ubiquitous personal devices. Various possible sources and similar quotes exist, but none definitively link the famous phrase to IBM or Watson.

This blog post delves into the pervasive yet apocryphal anecdote attributing the statement "I think there is a world market for maybe five computers" to Thomas J. Watson, the former president of International Business Machines (IBM). The article meticulously dissects the origins and evolution of this widely circulated quotation, tracing its trajectory through various publications and examining the evidence, or lack thereof, supporting its veracity. The author embarks on a detailed historical investigation, exploring numerous potential sources and contexts in which such a remark might have been uttered, including a shareholder meeting in 1943 and a meeting concerning the UNIVAC computer. Despite the persistent association of this prediction with Watson and IBM, the post underscores the absence of any credible, contemporary documentation confirming that he ever made such a statement. It highlights the difficulties encountered by researchers in locating any primary source material, such as meeting minutes, transcripts, or contemporaneous publications, that would definitively link Watson to this claim. Furthermore, the article explores the evolution of the quote itself, noting variations in phrasing and the gradual shift in the purported timeframe of the utterance. The author posits that the adage, likely originating much later than often assumed, reflects a broader societal skepticism towards the early development and potential applications of computing technology, rather than a specific, documented prediction by Watson. The post concludes by categorizing the "five computers" quote as an enduring urban legend, emphasizing the importance of scrutinizing the historical accuracy of commonly repeated anecdotes, especially within the rapidly evolving realm of technology history. It serves as a cautionary tale against the perpetuation of misinformation and the acceptance of historical narratives without rigorous examination of supporting evidence.

Summary of Comments ( 58 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42791906

Hacker News commenters discuss the often-misattributed quote about the limited market for computers. Several point out that the quote's origins are murky, with some suggesting it's a distortion of Howard Aiken's or Thomas Watson Sr.'s sentiments, while others link it to anecdotally attributed quotes in the early days of mainframe computing. Some highlight the difficulty of predicting technological adoption and the shifting definition of "computer" over time. One commenter mentions a similar misattribution regarding the market for automobiles, illustrating a broader pattern of underestimating transformative technologies. The overall sentiment reflects a shared understanding that such quotes, while entertaining, are often historically inaccurate and ultimately demonstrate the fallibility of early technological forecasting.

The Hacker News post titled "Urban legend: I think there is a world market for maybe five computers" has generated a lively discussion with numerous comments. Several commenters delve into the nuances of the often-misattributed quote about the limited market for computers.

A recurring theme is the clarification that Watson's supposed prediction wasn't about personal computers, but rather large, expensive mainframe systems like the IBM 701, which occupied entire rooms and cost millions of dollars. Commenters point out the context of the time, where computers were primarily seen as tools for government, scientific research, and large corporations, not for individual use. This distinction is crucial, as it reframes Watson's assessment not as a lack of foresight, but as a reasonable prediction based on the then-current state of technology and its associated costs.

Several commenters provide further context by discussing the evolution of computing. They trace the progression from room-sized mainframes to minicomputers, and finally to the personal computers we know today. This historical perspective highlights how advancements in technology, particularly the invention of the microchip, dramatically reduced the size and cost of computers, opening up the market far beyond what was imaginable in Watson's time.

Some commenters also discuss the difficulty of predicting technological advancements and market shifts. They acknowledge that even visionaries can struggle to foresee the long-term implications of new technologies. The rapid and often unpredictable pace of technological development is highlighted, with examples of other inaccurate predictions about the future of technology.

A few comments explore the specific uses of early computers, such as scientific calculations and military applications, further emphasizing the specialized and limited nature of the market at the time.

One compelling comment thread delves into the origins and variations of the quote attributed to Watson. Commenters debate the accuracy of the attribution and discuss other similar quotes from that era reflecting the perceived limited market for computers. This discussion underscores the challenges of verifying historical anecdotes and the importance of considering the context surrounding such quotes.

Finally, some commenters humorously reflect on the irony of the quote in light of the ubiquitous nature of computers today, with virtually everyone having access to multiple computing devices. This serves as a poignant reminder of how dramatically technology has transformed society in a relatively short period.

Stories with Tag computer history

Summary of Comments ( 18 ) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43747283

Summary of Comments ( 37 ) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43714476

Summary of Comments ( 9 ) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43643197

Summary of Comments ( 0 ) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43640204

Summary of Comments ( 78 ) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43453582

Summary of Comments ( 4 ) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43376570

Summary of Comments ( 1 ) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43321131

Summary of Comments ( 10 ) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43240301

Summary of Comments ( 1 ) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43236370

Summary of Comments ( 84 ) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43070558

Summary of Comments ( 22 ) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43002906

Summary of Comments ( 1 ) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42824562

Summary of Comments ( 58 ) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42791906

Summary of Comments ( 18 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43747283

Summary of Comments ( 37 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43714476

Summary of Comments ( 9 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43643197

Summary of Comments ( 0 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43640204

Summary of Comments ( 78 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43453582

Summary of Comments ( 4 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43376570

Summary of Comments ( 1 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43321131

Summary of Comments ( 10 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43240301

Summary of Comments ( 1 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43236370

Summary of Comments ( 84 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43070558

Summary of Comments ( 22 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43002906

Summary of Comments ( 1 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42824562

Summary of Comments ( 58 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42791906