This article explores how mathematics, specifically statistics and probability, were manipulated in Nazi Germany to promote racist ideologies and justify discriminatory policies. It examines how seemingly objective mathematical concepts were twisted and selectively applied to create a false sense of scientific backing for eugenic programs and the persecution of minorities. By focusing on skewed data and misrepresenting statistical concepts, the Nazi regime aimed to convince the public of the inferiority of certain groups, thereby normalizing and legitimizing their horrific actions. The article serves as a warning about the potential for mathematical tools to be misused in the service of dangerous ideologies.
Betty Webb, a code breaker at Bletchley Park during World War II, has died at age 101. She worked in Hut 6, decrypting German Enigma messages, a vital contribution to the Allied war effort. After the war, she joined GCHQ, Britain's signals intelligence agency, before eventually leaving to raise a family. Her work at Bletchley Park remained secret for decades, highlighting the dedication and secrecy surrounding those involved in breaking the Enigma code.
HN commenters offer condolences and share further details about Betty Webb's life and wartime contributions at Bletchley Park. Several highlight her humility, noting she rarely spoke of her work, even to family. Some commenters discuss the vital yet secretive nature of Bletchley Park's operations, and the remarkable contributions of the women who worked there, many of whom are only now being recognized. Others delve into the specific technologies used at Bletchley, including the Colossus Mark 2 computer, with which Webb worked. A few commenters also share links to obituaries and other relevant information.
"The Blood on the Keyboard" details the often-overlooked human cost of war reporting. Focusing on World War II correspondents, the article highlights the immense psychological toll exacted by witnessing and documenting constant violence, death, and suffering. These journalists, driven by a sense of duty and the need to inform the public, suppressed their trauma and emotions in order to file their stories, often working under perilous conditions with little support. This resulted in lasting psychological scars, including depression, anxiety, and what we now recognize as PTSD, impacting their lives long after the war ended. The article underscores that the news we consume comes at a price, paid not just in ink and paper, but also in the mental and emotional well-being of those who bring us these stories.
HN users discuss the complexities of judging historical figures by modern standards, particularly regarding Woodrow Wilson's racism. Some argue that while Wilson's views were reprehensible, they were common for his time, and judging him solely on that ignores his other contributions. Others counter that his racism had tangible, devastating consequences for Black Americans and shouldn't be excused. Several commenters highlight the selective application of this "presentism" argument, noting it's rarely used to defend figures reviled by the right. The discussion also touches on the role of historical narratives in shaping present-day understanding, and the importance of acknowledging the full scope of historical figures' actions, both good and bad. A few comments delve into specific examples of Wilson's racist policies and their impact.
Colossus, built at Bletchley Park during World War II, was the world's first large-scale, programmable, electronic digital computer. Its purpose was to break the complex Lorenz cipher used by the German High Command. Unlike earlier code-breaking machines, Colossus used thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) for high-speed processing and could be programmed electronically via switches and plugboards, enabling it to perform boolean operations and count patterns at a significantly faster rate. This dramatically reduced the time required to decipher Lorenz messages, providing crucial intelligence to the Allied forces. Though top-secret for decades after the war, Colossus's innovative design and impact on computing history are now recognized.
HN commenters discuss Colossus's significance as the first programmable electronic digital computer, contrasting it with ENIAC, which was re-wired for each task. Several highlight Tommy Flowers' crucial role in its design and construction. Some discuss the secrecy surrounding Colossus during and after the war, impacting public awareness of its existence and contribution to computing history. Others mention the challenges of wartime technology and the impressive speed improvements Colossus offered over previous decryption methods. A few commenters share resources like the Colossus rebuild project and personal anecdotes about visiting the National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park.
During the 900-day siege of Leningrad in World War II, the Vavilov Institute, home to a vast collection of seeds and plant material, became a poignant symbol of resistance and sacrifice. Facing starvation, the scientists working there protected the invaluable collection, even choosing to die of hunger rather than consume the edible seeds and tubers under their care. This act of extraordinary dedication preserved crucial biodiversity for future generations, highlighting the enduring power of scientific commitment amidst unimaginable hardship. The article explores this story, emphasizing the difficult ethical decisions faced by the scientists and the lasting legacy of Nikolai Vavilov, the Institute's founder who perished in a Stalinist prison.
HN commenters largely focused on the astounding dedication of Vavilov and his team of scientists. Several highlighted the irony of researchers starving to death amidst a seed bank containing the potential to alleviate global hunger. Some debated the practicality of seed saving in a besieged city, questioning if distributing the food would have been a better short-term solution. Others drew parallels to contemporary seed banks like the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, emphasizing the importance of preserving biodiversity. A few comments offered additional historical context about Lysenko and his detrimental impact on Soviet agriculture, or about other sieges where similar acts of sacrifice occurred. Several commenters expressed gratitude for the article, finding it both informative and moving.
In 1943, Squadron Leader Douglas Bader, a double-amputee pilot, was shot down over German-occupied France during Operation Leg. The operation's unique aspect stemmed not from its military objectives, but from Bader's prosthetic legs. The Luftwaffe, respecting Bader's courage and skill, agreed to a British request to drop a replacement leg. This act of chivalry amid war became a testament to Bader's indomitable spirit and the odd moments of humanity that can emerge even in conflict. The replacement leg was ultimately delivered, though not without some near misses and a second, ultimately unnecessary drop.
Hacker News users discussed Douglas Bader's remarkable resilience and skill as a pilot despite his double amputation. Several commenters expressed admiration for his determination to fly again after losing both legs, highlighting the psychological and physical challenges he overcame. Some noted the crucial role of his wife, Thelma, in his recovery and return to flying. The discussion also touched on the advancements in prosthetic technology at the time and Bader's eventual contributions to disability advocacy. A few users shared additional resources, including Bader's autobiography, "Reach for the Sky," and a documentary about his life. One commenter poignantly reflected on the societal shift from viewing disability as a limitation to recognizing the potential for individuals with disabilities to achieve remarkable feats.
The Finnish Wartime Photograph Archive (SA-Kuva) offers free access to over 160,000 digitized photographs documenting Finland's wars between 1939 and 1945, including the Winter War, Continuation War, and Lapland War. The archive features images from both the military and home front, providing a comprehensive visual record of the conflicts' impact on Finnish society. Searchable in Finnish, Swedish, and English, the archive facilitates research and allows users to explore photographs by keyword, photographer, location, and date.
Hacker News users generally expressed appreciation for the Finnish Wartime Photograph Archive, praising its size, searchability, and the quality of the digitized images. Several commenters pointed out the poignant contrast between mundane photos of daily life and those depicting the harsh realities of war. Some noted the powerful human element present in the collection, observing that the faces of the soldiers and civilians captured reflect universal experiences of conflict and resilience. A few users with Finnish ancestry shared personal connections to the archive, explaining how it helped them connect with their family history and understand the experiences of their relatives during wartime. The ease of navigation and browsing through the vast collection was also highlighted as a positive aspect.
Summary of Comments ( 12 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43728130
Hacker News users discuss the role of mathematics in Nazi Germany, focusing on how mathematical skill and logic were twisted to serve a hateful ideology. Some commenters point out the danger of believing that intelligence or technical proficiency inherently leads to morality, highlighting how easily logic can be applied to justify horrific acts. Others discuss the specific examples in the article, like Bieberbach's attempts to define "German mathematics" and the expulsion of Jewish mathematicians, illustrating the devastating impact of such politicization. Several users express concern about the potential for similar abuses of science and reason in the present day, warning against complacency. There's also a brief thread on the general difficulty of defining "national" characteristics in fields like mathematics, with some arguing that it's inherently a universal pursuit.
The Hacker News post titled "A Math Lesson From Hitler’s Germany (2017)" has a modest number of comments, sparking a discussion around the role of mathematics in a politically charged environment. Several commenters engage with the historical context presented in the article.
One commenter highlights the chilling anecdote from the article about a Jewish mathematician being forced to teach "Jewish mathematics" as a form of humiliation and persecution. This comment emphasizes the perversion of mathematics for ideological purposes and the cruelty inflicted upon intellectuals during the Nazi regime.
Another commenter draws a parallel between the historical context of the article and contemporary issues, pointing out the dangers of politicizing science and mathematics. They argue that manipulating scientific principles for political gain can have detrimental consequences, echoing the misuse of mathematics described in the article.
A different thread of discussion focuses on the nature of mathematics itself. One commenter questions the very premise of "Jewish mathematics," asserting that mathematics is a universal language and cannot be categorized by ethnicity or ideology. This perspective reinforces the idea that mathematics exists independently of political or social constructs.
A further comment expands on this by exploring the concept of "German physics," another example of attempting to align scientific fields with nationalistic ideologies. They highlight the absurdity of such endeavors, emphasizing the universality and objectivity of scientific principles.
Several comments offer additional historical context, referencing other instances of science and mathematics being manipulated for political purposes throughout history. These examples serve to underscore the recurring nature of this phenomenon and the importance of safeguarding intellectual pursuits from ideological influence.
While the number of comments isn't extensive, the discussion offers a valuable reflection on the intersection of mathematics, politics, and history. The commenters collectively express concern about the dangers of politicizing science and highlight the importance of upholding the integrity of intellectual disciplines.