This study investigates the physiological mechanism behind altered states of consciousness (ASCs) induced by breathwork practices. Researchers found that voluntary hypoventilation, a common feature of many breathwork techniques, leads to significant decreases in end-tidal CO2 levels. This hypocapnia, combined with increased cerebral blood flow velocity, was strongly correlated with the intensity of reported ASCs, such as feelings of unity, bliss, and disembodiment. The study suggests that CO2 reduction in the blood, rather than changes in oxygen levels, is the primary driver of these subjective experiences during breathwork, providing a potential biological explanation for the reported effects of these practices.
This scholarly article, titled "Decreased CO2 during breathwork: emergence of altered states of consciousness," published in Scientific Reports, a Nature Portfolio journal, meticulously investigates the physiological mechanisms underpinning the subjective experiences reported during conscious connected breathing practices. The authors meticulously delineate the connection between hypocapnia, or reduced carbon dioxide levels in the blood, and the manifestation of altered states of consciousness (ASCs) frequently associated with these breathing techniques. They posit that the intentional manipulation of breathing patterns, characteristic of these practices, leads to a measurable decrease in end-tidal CO2, a reliable indicator of blood CO2 levels. This hypocapnic state, they argue, triggers a cascade of physiological changes within the body, including alterations in cerebral blood flow, neuronal excitability, and neurotransmitter activity. These physiological shifts, the authors hypothesize, provide the biological substrate for the spectrum of subjective experiences reported by practitioners, ranging from perceptual distortions and emotional intensification to feelings of unity and transcendence, all hallmarks of altered states of consciousness.
The study's methodology involved rigorous monitoring of physiological parameters, including end-tidal CO2, respiration rate, and heart rate variability, in a cohort of participants engaged in three distinct breathwork protocols: Holotropic Breathwork, Transformational Breath®, and Wim Hof Method. The researchers observed significant decreases in end-tidal CO2 across all three breathing modalities, correlating these changes with the self-reported intensity of altered states of consciousness experienced by the participants. The article further delves into the potential neurophysiological mechanisms mediating this connection, exploring the role of cerebral vasoconstriction induced by hypocapnia, as well as the modulation of key neurotransmitter systems, including the GABAergic and glutamatergic pathways, known to be involved in regulating consciousness and perception. Furthermore, the authors acknowledge the limitations of their study and suggest avenues for future research, emphasizing the need for more comprehensive investigations into the complex interplay between respiration, brain physiology, and subjective experience, ultimately aiming to elucidate the precise mechanisms by which conscious breathing practices facilitate access to altered states of consciousness. In conclusion, this research contributes significantly to the growing body of scientific literature exploring the physiological and psychological effects of breathwork, offering a plausible biological framework for understanding the profound subjective experiences reported by practitioners and paving the way for further investigation into the therapeutic potential of these practices.
Summary of Comments ( 133 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43695093
HN users discuss the study's small sample size and lack of controls, questioning its statistical significance and the potential influence of the Wim Hof Method instructor's presence. Some highlight the possibility of hyperventilation inducing the altered states of consciousness, rather than solely decreased CO2. Others suggest alternative explanations like placebo effect, the power of suggestion, and the meditative aspect of the practice. Several commenters express interest in further research with larger, more rigorous studies to explore the correlation between CO2 levels, breathwork, and altered states. Finally, some users share personal anecdotal experiences with breathwork and the associated sensations.
The Hacker News post titled "Decreased CO2 during breathwork: emergence of altered states of consciousness" (linking to a Nature article about the physiological effects of breathwork) sparked a moderate discussion with a mix of skeptical and intrigued commenters.
Several users questioned the novelty of the findings. One pointed out that the effects of hypocapnia (low CO2 levels) on consciousness have been long known, citing examples like hyperventilation inducing dizziness and lightheadedness. Another commenter expressed skepticism towards framing this as a scientific "discovery," suggesting that the practice and its effects have been understood for centuries within various spiritual traditions. They implied the research merely provided a scientific explanation for pre-existing knowledge.
Some users focused on the methodology and interpretation of the study. One comment questioned the self-reported nature of the altered states of consciousness, suggesting the possibility of placebo effects or suggestibility influencing the results. Another questioned whether the study adequately controlled for other factors like hypoxia (low oxygen) that could also contribute to altered states of consciousness. This user suggested that the study should have included measurements of blood oxygen levels alongside CO2 levels to draw clearer conclusions.
Others offered personal anecdotes and practical insights. One user shared their experience with the Wim Hof method (a popular breathwork technique), noting the intense physical sensations and altered states they experienced, aligning with the study's findings. This commenter highlighted the importance of proper guidance and cautioned against unsupervised practice. Another user, identifying as a free diver, discussed the physiological adaptations and conscious control of breathing employed in their sport, suggesting the observed effects are related to the body's natural response to breath manipulation.
A few commenters explored the potential applications and implications of the research. One suggested further investigation into the therapeutic potential of breathwork for managing anxiety and other psychological conditions. Another user speculated about the evolutionary basis for these physiological responses, proposing that they might be related to ancient survival mechanisms.
In summary, the comments section reflects a cautious but interested reception to the research. Many acknowledge the well-established link between altered breathing patterns and consciousness, while others emphasize the need for more rigorous studies and a nuanced understanding of the complex interplay of physiological and psychological factors. The discussion also highlights the practical relevance of the research, exploring potential applications and personal experiences related to breathwork and its effects.