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Stories with Tag Hardware

Precision Clock Mk IV

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Posted: 2025-05-31 15:06:03

The Precision Clock Mk IV is a highly accurate, GPS-disciplined clock built by the author. It uses a combination of a Rubidium oscillator for short-term stability and a GPS receiver for long-term accuracy, achieving sub-microsecond precision. The clock features a custom-designed circuit board and firmware, and includes several output options, including a 1PPS (pulse-per-second) signal, a configurable frequency output, and a serial interface for time and status information. The project documentation thoroughly details the design, build process, and testing results.

This meticulously documented project details the design and construction of the "Precision Clock Mk IV," a highly accurate and stable frequency standard built by the author, known as "Mitxela." Motivated by a desire to create an exceptionally precise timekeeping device exceeding the performance of commercially available options, the author embarked on a multi-year iterative process, culminating in this fourth version.

The clock's core functionality revolves around a 10 MHz oven-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO), chosen for its inherent stability. This OCXO is further enhanced by a custom-designed temperature controller, meticulously calibrated and insulated to minimize frequency drift caused by thermal fluctuations. The author painstakingly describes the construction of this temperature controller, including the choice of components, the circuit design, and the physical assembly, emphasizing the importance of careful thermal management for optimal performance.

Beyond the temperature-stabilized OCXO, the clock incorporates several sophisticated features. A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) acts as the central processing unit, managing various functions, including frequency measurement, calibration, and output generation. The FPGA’s flexibility allows for precise control and manipulation of the clock signal. The clock also features a GPS disciplined oscillator (GPSDO) module, which uses signals from GPS satellites to further refine the accuracy of the OCXO by correcting for long-term drift. The integration of the GPSDO provides an external reference point, ensuring the clock maintains exceptional long-term stability.

The author provides extensive details about the clock’s construction, including schematic diagrams, PCB layouts, and detailed explanations of the software running on the FPGA. The project documentation also includes thorough testing procedures and performance analysis, demonstrating the clock's exceptional accuracy and stability. Measurements show that the clock achieves stability comparable to or exceeding that of commercially available rubidium frequency standards, which are significantly more expensive.

Furthermore, the author explores various challenges encountered during the design and construction process, providing insightful solutions and explaining the rationale behind specific design choices. This detailed documentation serves as a valuable resource for anyone interested in building a high-precision frequency standard or learning more about the intricacies of timekeeping technology. The project underscores the feasibility of achieving exceptional timekeeping performance through careful design, meticulous construction, and a deep understanding of the underlying principles.
Summary of Comments ( 66 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44144750

HN commenters were impressed with the clock's accuracy and the detailed documentation. Several discussed the intricacies of GPS discipline and the challenges of achieving such precise timekeeping. Some questioned the necessity of this level of precision for a clock, while others appreciated the pursuit of extreme accuracy as a technical challenge. The project's open-source nature and the author's willingness to share their knowledge were praised. A few users also shared their own experiences with similar projects and offered suggestions for improvements, like adding a battery backup. The aesthetics of the clock were also a topic of discussion, with some finding the minimalist design appealing.

The Hacker News post titled "Precision Clock Mk IV" linking to mitxela.com/projects/precision_clock_mk_iv has generated a moderate number of comments, primarily focused on the technical aspects of the clock's design and implementation.

Several commenters delve into the specifics of GPS discipline and its limitations. One commenter questions the necessity of an expensive Rubidium oscillator given the clock's reliance on GPS, sparking a discussion about the importance of holdover performance and maintaining accuracy when the GPS signal is lost. This thread explores various scenarios where GPS might be unavailable, like indoor use or intentional jamming, and how a Rubidium oscillator mitigates these issues. Another commenter highlights the intricacies of achieving nanosecond-level accuracy, pointing out the challenges introduced by cable length and signal propagation delays within the system itself.

The discussion also touches upon the choice of using a Raspberry Pi Pico and its suitability for this application. Some commenters suggest alternative microcontrollers with potentially better performance characteristics, while others defend the Pico's adequacy given the project's requirements. This leads to a brief comparison of different microcontroller platforms and their respective strengths and weaknesses.

Further comments explore the clock's display technology and potential improvements. One commenter suggests using e-paper for lower power consumption, while another raises the possibility of incorporating a Network Time Protocol (NTP) server functionality.

A few commenters express general admiration for the project's complexity and the author's dedication. They praise the detailed documentation and the open-source nature of the design.

While the overall number of comments isn't exceptionally high, the discussion provides valuable insights into the technical challenges and design choices involved in building a high-precision clock. The comments offer a range of perspectives, from questioning specific design decisions to suggesting alternative approaches and appreciating the overall accomplishment. The conversation remains focused on the technical merits of the project and avoids straying into unrelated topics.
Show HN: Loodio 2 – A Simple Rechargable Bathroom Privacy Device

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Posted: 2025-05-28 14:19:02

Loodio 2 is a rechargeable, portable white noise device designed to mask bathroom sounds for increased privacy. It attaches magnetically to most toilet tanks, activating automatically when the lid is lifted and stopping when it's closed. Featuring adjustable volume and a sleek, minimalist design, it aims to be a discreet and convenient solution for shared bathrooms in homes, offices, or while traveling.

Loodio 2, a discreet and innovative solution for enhancing bathroom privacy, has been announced. This compact, rechargeable device is engineered to address the common concern of unwanted noise during bathroom use. It functions by generating a masking sound, specifically designed to obscure potentially embarrassing sounds emanating from the bathroom, thereby affording the user a greater sense of comfort and confidence.

Unlike traditional methods of creating white noise, Loodio 2 employs a strategically crafted sound profile that effectively covers a broader range of frequencies associated with bathroom activities. This tailored approach ensures superior sound masking without resorting to excessively loud or disruptive noise. The device is designed for ease of use and portability. Its rechargeable nature eliminates the need for disposable batteries, making it both environmentally and economically friendly. The compact form factor allows for discreet placement within the bathroom environment, further enhancing its practicality. Loodio 2 represents a significant improvement over its predecessor, boasting enhanced sound masking capabilities, a longer battery life, and a more refined aesthetic.

The development of Loodio 2 stems from a recognition of the widespread need for a more effective and convenient bathroom privacy solution. Traditional methods, such as running water or ventilation fans, are often insufficient or impractical. Loodio 2 offers a modern and technologically advanced alternative that prioritizes both functionality and discretion. This device aims to empower individuals to feel more at ease and maintain their privacy in shared bathroom environments, ultimately contributing to a more comfortable and confident experience. It is marketed as a simple, yet highly effective tool for enhancing bathroom privacy in a variety of settings, including homes, offices, and public restrooms.
- bathroom
- privacy
- Device
- rechargeable
- sound masking
- white noise
- fan
- loodio
- Hardware
- Home Improvement
- gadget
- Product Launch
- HN
- Show HN
Summary of Comments ( 32 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44116298

HN commenters generally expressed skepticism about the Loodio, a device designed to mask bathroom noises. Many questioned its effectiveness, citing the physics of sound and the difficulty of truly blocking low-frequency noises. Some saw it as a solution looking for a problem, arguing that existing solutions like fans or music were sufficient. Several commenters expressed concerns about the device's potential to malfunction and create embarrassing situations, like unexpectedly turning off mid-use. Others raised hygiene concerns related to its placement and cleaning. There was some interest in the idea, with a few suggesting alternative use cases like masking snoring or noisy neighbors, but the overall sentiment leaned towards practicality doubts and alternative solutions.

The Hacker News post about Loodio 2, a rechargeable bathroom privacy device, generated several comments discussing its utility, design, and potential market.

Some users questioned the necessity of such a device, arguing that existing solutions like fans or music already address the issue of bathroom noise. One commenter sarcastically suggested that the product's simplicity was its main selling point, implying it might be overpriced for its function. Another expressed skepticism about the effectiveness of the device, particularly in comparison to a regular fan. This skepticism extended to the claimed sound pressure level, with a user pointing out the difficulty of achieving a truly flat frequency response.

Conversely, several commenters expressed interest in the product, particularly its rechargeable aspect and sleek design. One appreciated the improvement over the original Loodio in terms of rechargeability. Another commenter, identifying as someone with Crohn's disease, highlighted the genuine need for such a device to alleviate anxiety surrounding bathroom noise, emphasizing the significant impact it can have on quality of life. They further suggested potential improvements like alternative sounds and volume control. This comment sparked a thread of discussion about the social stigma surrounding bathroom noises and the genuine distress it can cause for individuals with digestive issues.

The discussion also touched upon the cultural differences in attitudes toward bathroom privacy. One commenter noted that such a device might be more readily accepted in some cultures than others. Another pointed out the potential benefit for apartment dwellers or those sharing living spaces.

A few comments focused on technical aspects. One user questioned the battery life and charging mechanism. Another suggested the use of directional speakers to minimize noise leakage.

Overall, the comments reflect a mixed reception to Loodio 2. While some dismissed it as an unnecessary gadget, others recognized its potential value, particularly for individuals with specific needs or living situations. The discussion highlights the varying perspectives on bathroom privacy and the importance of addressing the anxieties associated with it.
Show HN: Icepi Zero – The FPGA Raspberry Pi Zero Equivalent

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Posted: 2025-05-28 13:31:04

IcePi Zero is an open-source project aiming to create an FPGA-based equivalent of the Raspberry Pi Zero. Using a Lattice iCE40UP5k FPGA, it replicates the Pi Zero's form factor and many of its features, including GPIO, SPI, I2C, and a micro SD card slot. The project intends to be a low-cost, flexible alternative to the Pi Zero, allowing for hardware customization and experimentation. It currently supports running a RISC-V softcore processor and aims to achieve software compatibility with some Raspberry Pi distributions in the future.

A new project called "IcePi Zero" aims to create a functionally equivalent alternative to the Raspberry Pi Zero, but built around a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) instead of a traditional system-on-a-chip (SoC). The goal is to offer a similar form factor and pin compatibility, enabling existing Raspberry Pi Zero accessories and HATs (Hardware Attached on Top) to work seamlessly with the IcePi Zero. This FPGA-based approach provides the advantage of hardware customization and reconfigurability, allowing users to tailor the hardware to specific needs. The project is currently utilizing the iCE40HX1K FPGA, a relatively low-cost and low-power option from Lattice Semiconductor. While mimicking the Raspberry Pi Zero's functionality, including its processor, peripherals, and GPIO, the IcePi Zero leverages the FPGA's flexibility. This means the "processor" is essentially a soft-core processor implemented within the FPGA fabric, and the peripherals are likewise configured within the FPGA. The project is hosted on GitHub and utilizes Verilog for hardware design. While still in its early stages of development, the IcePi Zero holds the promise of offering a powerful and versatile alternative to the Raspberry Pi Zero for applications requiring hardware customization or benefiting from the inherent parallelism offered by FPGAs. The project seeks to provide a drop-in replacement for the Raspberry Pi Zero in terms of physical footprint and pinout, thus simplifying the integration process for users already familiar with the Raspberry Pi ecosystem.
- FPGA
- Raspberry Pi
- IcePi Zero
- Embedded Systems
- Hardware
- Open Source
- RISC-V
- System-on-a-Chip
- SBC
- Single Board Computer
- DIY Electronics
- Electronics
- Migen
- LiteX
Summary of Comments ( 50 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44115853

Hacker News users discussed the IcePi Zero project with interest, focusing on its potential and limitations. Several commenters questioned the "Raspberry Pi equivalent" claim, pointing out the significantly higher cost of FPGAs compared to the Pi's processor. The lack of readily available peripherals and the steeper learning curve associated with FPGA development were also mentioned as drawbacks. However, some users highlighted the benefits of FPGA flexibility for specific applications, like hardware acceleration and real-time processing, suggesting niche use cases where the IcePi Zero could be advantageous despite the cost. Others expressed excitement about the project, seeing it as an intriguing educational tool or a platform for exploring FPGA capabilities. The closed-source nature of the FPGA bitstream was also a point of discussion, with some advocating for open-source alternatives.

The Hacker News post titled "Show HN: Icepi Zero – The FPGA Raspberry Pi Zero Equivalent" sparked a discussion with several interesting comments.

Many users expressed excitement and interest in the project, praising the creator for their work and ingenuity. Several commenters focused on the potential applications of such a device, particularly in areas like embedded systems, hardware hacking, and education. The small form factor and low cost were frequently cited as appealing features.

A recurring theme in the comments was the comparison to the Raspberry Pi Zero. While acknowledging the similarities in size and target audience, several users pointed out key differences. Some highlighted the FPGA's reconfigurability as a significant advantage over the fixed-functionality of the Raspberry Pi's processor, allowing for greater flexibility and customization. Others discussed the potential performance benefits and power efficiency that could be achieved with an FPGA, though some cautioned that realizing these benefits often requires specialized hardware design knowledge.

Some commenters inquired about the specifics of the Icepi Zero's hardware, including the FPGA chip used, available I/O, and power consumption. There were also questions about the software toolchain and the ease of development for the platform. The creator actively participated in the discussion, providing answers to these questions and engaging with the community.

A few commenters raised concerns about the project's practicality and cost-effectiveness compared to existing solutions. They questioned whether the added complexity of FPGA development would be a barrier for many users, and whether the performance gains would justify the effort in most applications. However, others argued that the Icepi Zero offered a unique combination of features and could find a niche in specific use cases.

Overall, the comments reflected a generally positive reception of the Icepi Zero. While some concerns were raised, the majority of commenters expressed enthusiasm for the project and its potential. The discussion highlighted the growing interest in FPGA technology and its potential applications in various fields.
Negotiating PoE+ Power in the Pre‑Boot Environment

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Posted: 2025-05-27 23:45:02

Devices booting via UEFI often face a chicken-and-egg problem with Power over Ethernet (PoE+): they need power to negotiate the higher wattage provided by PoE+, but can't negotiate until they've booted. This post details a hardware and firmware solution involving a small, inexpensive microcontroller that acts as a PoE+ negotiator during the pre-boot environment. The microcontroller detects the presence of PoE, activates a relay to connect the main system to power, negotiates the full PoE+ power budget, and then signals the main system to boot. This approach bypasses the limitations of UEFI and ensures the system receives sufficient power from the start, enabling the use of power-hungry peripherals like NVMe drives during the boot process.

This blog post, titled "Negotiating PoE+ Power in the Pre‑Boot Environment," by Roderick Khan, delves into the intricate challenges and eventual solution the author devised for powering a network-connected device before its operating system fully initializes. Specifically, the project centered around a custom-designed network appliance utilizing an Intel N5105 processor and requiring Power over Ethernet Plus (PoE+) for its power source. The core problem arose from the fact that the standard PoE negotiation process, governed by the IEEE 802.3at standard, typically occurs within the operating system's software stack. This presents a significant hurdle for devices that require power delivery before the OS loads, such as during the UEFI initialization phase.

Khan meticulously outlines the complexities of this pre-boot power negotiation. He explains that the Intel I226-V network controller, while supporting pre-boot functionality including PXE booting, does not intrinsically handle PoE negotiation before the OS takes over. This necessitated a workaround involving a dedicated microcontroller, specifically an STM32F030, to act as a PoE "negotiator" during the critical pre-OS phase. This microcontroller interfaces directly with the power sourcing equipment (PSE) over the network cable, performing the necessary low-level signaling required by the 802.3at standard to establish the power connection and request the higher power levels afforded by PoE+. Crucially, this microcontroller solution operates independently of the main system's processor and allows the device to draw power even before the Intel N5105 begins execution.

The blog post further details the technical intricacies of implementing this solution. Khan describes the process of modifying the network appliance’s hardware, including the addition of the STM32 microcontroller and the necessary circuitry to interface with both the network controller and the system's power delivery system. He also provides insight into the firmware development for the STM32, outlining the precise steps involved in detecting the presence of a PoE+ capable PSE, performing the classification and negotiation procedures as defined in the 802.3at standard, and ultimately enabling the power delivery to the rest of the system. This firmware essentially emulates a simplified version of the PoE negotiation process normally handled by software, enabling the device to power up and boot from the network entirely via PoE+ even before the operating system initializes. The post concludes by highlighting the successful implementation of this pre-boot PoE+ solution, enabling the network appliance to function as intended, drawing power solely from the network connection from the very moment it is powered on.
- PoE
- Power over Ethernet
- PoE+
- Pre-boot
- UEFI
- BIOS
- pxe
- network boot
- Embedded Systems
- Firmware
- Hardware
- networking
- Power Management
- Boot Process
Summary of Comments ( 52 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44111609

Hacker News users discussed the complexities and limitations of negotiating PoE+ power before the OS boots. Several commenters pointed out that while the article's UEFI solution is interesting, it's not a practical approach for most users. They highlighted the lack of standardization and support for pre-boot PoE negotiation in network hardware and UEFI implementations. Some suggested alternatives, including using a separate, always-on microcontroller to handle PoE negotiation and power management for the main system. The discussion also touched on the challenges of implementing a robust and reliable solution, especially considering the varying power requirements of different devices. Overall, the comments suggest that pre-boot PoE negotiation remains a niche area with limited practical application for now.

The Hacker News post "Negotiating PoE+ Power in the Pre‑Boot Environment" discussing Roderick Khan's blog post about powering a UEFI environment with PoE+ generated a moderate amount of discussion with 13 comments at the time of this summary.

Several commenters focused on the practical implications and potential use cases of Khan's work. One user highlighted the usefulness for network booting thin clients, particularly in environments like schools where managing power adapters can be a hassle. They also noted the potential for powering small, headless servers or embedded devices. Another commenter mentioned the advantage of using PoE+ for remote devices in industrial settings, eliminating the need for separate power infrastructure.

Some discussion revolved around the technical details of the PoE+ negotiation process. One commenter inquired about the specific timing of the power negotiation in relation to DHCP, prompting Khan to explain that the UEFI HTTP boot process initiates after the PoE+ negotiation, ensuring power is available before network communication. Another technical point raised concerned the power limitations of PoE+ and whether it's sufficient for devices with higher power requirements.

A couple of comments touched on the broader implications of PoE for device design. One user suggested that increased adoption of PoE could lead to more compact and integrated devices, while another speculated about the potential for standardization and wider industry support for PoE in pre-boot environments.

One commenter provided a link to a relevant Wikipedia page about Power over Ethernet, offering further context for those unfamiliar with the technology. Another comment simply expressed appreciation for the author's work.

While the number of comments is not extensive, the discussion provides valuable insights into the practical applications and technical considerations surrounding PoE+ in UEFI environments. The comments demonstrate the community's interest in this technology and its potential to simplify device deployment and power management.
Programming on 34 Keys (2022)

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Posted: 2025-05-25 12:35:30

The blog post "Programming on 34 Keys (2022)" details the author's experience transitioning to a 34-key keyboard (specifically a Kyria) for programming. Driven by a desire for increased ergonomics and efficiency, the author outlines the challenges and adaptations required. They discuss the learning curve of layers, thumb clusters, and new key mappings, ultimately finding the switch beneficial despite initial difficulties. The post emphasizes the customizability allowed by such keyboards, allowing the author to tailor the layout to their specific workflow and programming needs, resulting in increased comfort and potentially improved productivity. The transition, while demanding an investment of time and effort, ultimately proved worthwhile for the author.

The blog post "Programming on 34 Keys (2022)" by Oppi recounts the author's journey in adopting and refining a 34-key keyboard layout for software development. Driven by a desire for a more ergonomic and portable setup, the author meticulously details their transition process, experimentation with different keyboard models and layouts, and the ultimate realization of a highly personalized and efficient workflow.

The post begins by explaining the motivations behind switching to a smaller keyboard, highlighting the physical strain associated with traditional, larger keyboards and the appeal of increased portability. Oppi then describes their initial experiences with a 36-key Planck keyboard, using the pre-configured default layout as a starting point. This initial foray introduced them to the power of layers, enabling access to a full range of keys through modifier combinations, similar to holding shift for capital letters but extended to encompass the entire keyboard.

The author then delves into the process of customizing the layout, explaining the iterative nature of finding the optimal placement of keys for their particular programming needs. This involved careful consideration of frequently used characters and commands, prioritizing their accessibility on the base layer to minimize reliance on layers and improve typing speed. Oppi explains how they rearranged symbols, shifted number placement, and incorporated custom macros to streamline common coding tasks.

The post goes on to describe the shift to a Kyria keyboard, a split ergonomic keyboard with a similar 34-key layout. This move was motivated by further ergonomic benefits offered by the split design. Oppi explains the advantages of the Kyria's thumb clusters and the further refinement of their layout to take full advantage of this new hardware configuration. The author highlights the improved comfort and reduced strain achieved with this setup, emphasizing the importance of aligning the keyboard with the natural resting position of the hands and wrists.

Oppi also discusses the use of the Oryx configuration tool, which facilitated the customization process and allowed for easy experimentation with different key mappings. They detail the process of flashing the firmware onto the keyboard and the overall ease of configuring the Kyria.

Finally, the author reflects on the overall positive impact of transitioning to a 34-key keyboard, emphasizing the increased portability, improved ergonomics, and surprisingly minimal impact on typing speed after the initial learning curve. The post concludes by acknowledging the inherently personal nature of keyboard layouts and encourages readers to explore and experiment to find what works best for them. The author expresses satisfaction with their current setup but hints at the ongoing nature of this exploration, suggesting that further refinement and adjustments are likely in the future.
Summary of Comments ( 48 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44087373

Hacker News users discuss the practicality and appeal of 34-key keyboards. Several commenters mention their own positive experiences using smaller keyboards, citing improved ergonomics and portability. Some express skepticism about the learning curve and limitations for certain tasks, particularly those requiring extensive number input or symbol use. The discussion also touches on the benefits of layers and customizability for overcoming the limited key count, with some recommending specific 34-key models like the Planck EZ. A few users mention the potential downsides, like the need for extra keycaps for different layouts. Overall, the comments reflect a mix of enthusiasm for minimalist keyboards and pragmatic concerns about their usability for various programming tasks.

The Hacker News post "Programming on 34 Keys (2022)" has generated several comments discussing the author's experience and choices regarding a 34-key keyboard.

Several commenters discuss their own experiences with smaller keyboards, including the Planck and Kyria. One user highlights the importance of thumb clusters for efficient use and shares their personal layout which prioritizes symbols over numbers due to their workflow. Another commenter emphasizes the benefits of QMK firmware and its customizability, allowing for personalized keymaps and macros. They specifically mention the ease of creating macros for common coding tasks, thus enhancing productivity.

The discussion also delves into the learning curve associated with switching to a smaller keyboard. One user points out that while the transition may seem daunting initially, the adaptation period is relatively short, especially for touch typists. They further suggest that the reduced hand movement can be ergonomically beneficial in the long run. This sentiment is echoed by another commenter who mentions the improved ergonomics and portability as key motivators for their switch to a smaller keyboard.

Some comments focus on the specific keyboard model used by the author, the Corne keyboard. One user inquires about the split design and its perceived advantages. Another commenter shares their personal preference for ortholinear keyboards, appreciating the logical layout which corresponds to the actual arrangement of keys.

The topic of keycap availability is also briefly touched upon. A commenter questions the author's choice of DSA keycaps and expresses their personal preference for XDA profile keycaps. Another user humorously laments the prevalence of non-standard layouts in the mechanical keyboard community, making it difficult to find compatible keycap sets.

Finally, the conversation drifts towards broader topics related to keyboard customization. One commenter mentions the "rabbit hole" of mechanical keyboards, alluding to the vast array of options and the tendency to constantly tweak and refine one's setup. Another user shares a link to a keyboard building website, further highlighting the depth and complexity of the hobby. There's a brief discussion on the relative merits of different keyboard layouts and the importance of finding a layout that suits one's individual needs and preferences.
Show HN: Rotary Phone Dial Linux Kernel Driver

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Posted: 2025-05-24 13:02:00

A Linux kernel driver has been created that allows a rotary phone dial to be used as an input device. The driver translates the pulses generated by the rotary dial into numeric key presses, effectively turning the old-fashioned dial into a USB HID keyboard. It supports both clockwise and counter-clockwise rotation for dialing and navigating menus and also allows for customization of the pulse-to-digit mapping. This project makes it possible to integrate a rotary phone dial into a modern Linux system for unique input control.

A newly developed Linux kernel module allows a user to interface a rotary dial telephone with their computer. This driver, aptly named rotary_dial_kmod, transforms the pulsed signals generated by rotating the dial into corresponding numerical input events. Instead of merely recognizing the dialed digits as audio, the driver interprets the pulses directly, mimicking the original functionality of a rotary phone. This provides a unique and arguably more authentic way to input numbers into a Linux system. The driver is designed to connect to the rotary dial's pulse contacts via a GPIO pin on a microcontroller, like an Arduino or Raspberry Pi, which then communicates with the computer running the rotary_dial_kmod driver. The project is hosted on GitLab, providing the source code, installation instructions, and examples demonstrating its usage. This allows anyone interested to examine how the driver functions, adapt it for their specific hardware configuration, or contribute to its further development. The project aims to offer a novel input method, potentially appealing to enthusiasts interested in retro technology, accessibility solutions, or simply a unique human-computer interaction experience. It offers a tangible and kinetic alternative to standard keyboards and mice for numerical input. The technical implementation likely involves handling interrupts generated by the GPIO pin, decoding the pulse timing to determine the dialed digit, and then injecting the corresponding number as a keypress event into the input subsystem of the Linux kernel.
- Linux
- Kernel
- Driver
- Rotary Phone
- Rotary Dial
- Hardware
- input device
- retro
- Vintage
- Telephony
- C
- GitLab
- Open Source
- hacking
- DIY
Summary of Comments ( 15 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44080803

Hacker News users generally expressed amusement and appreciation for the novelty of a rotary phone driver for Linux. Some questioned its practical use cases beyond nostalgia and hobby projects, while others suggested potential applications like museum exhibits or integrating rotary phones into modern VoIP systems. Several commenters delved into technical aspects, discussing the specifics of the driver implementation, pulse timing, and potential improvements like debouncing. A few reminisced about their experiences with rotary phones, highlighting the distinct tactile and auditory feedback they provided. There was also lighthearted debate about the proper nomenclature for the device (rotary vs. pulse dial).

The Hacker News post titled "Show HN: Rotary Phone Dial Linux Kernel Driver" sparked a discussion with several interesting comments.

Several users expressed admiration for the project, appreciating the ingenuity and the "old-school cool" factor of interfacing a rotary phone with a modern Linux system. One commenter mentioned the nostalgic appeal, recalling childhood memories of using rotary phones.

A significant portion of the discussion revolved around the technical aspects of the project. Users inquired about the specifics of the implementation, such as how the driver handles pulse timing and debouncing. The creator responded to these queries, explaining details like the use of interrupts and the method employed to translate the pulses into numerical digits. This back-and-forth provided valuable insight into the inner workings of the driver.

One commenter questioned the practical applications of such a driver, wondering what real-world use cases it might serve. Other users offered suggestions, ranging from retro-themed projects and art installations to educational demonstrations of historical technology. The possibility of using the driver for accessibility purposes was also raised.

There was a brief discussion about the challenges of working with older hardware. One user recounted their experience with the deteriorating rubber in old rotary phones, highlighting the difficulty of maintaining such devices.

A few commenters drew parallels between this project and other retro-computing endeavors, showcasing the continuing interest in preserving and interacting with older technologies in novel ways. They mentioned similar projects involving vintage hardware interfaced with modern systems.

Finally, some users offered constructive criticism and suggestions for improvement. They proposed ideas like adding support for different types of rotary phones and exploring alternative implementation approaches.
The Xenon Death Flash: How a Camera Nearly Killed the Raspberry Pi 2

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Posted: 2025-05-24 12:06:06

A specific camera module, when used with the Raspberry Pi 2, caused the Pi to reliably crash. This wasn't a software issue, but a hardware one. The camera's xenon flash generated a high-voltage transient on the 3.3V rail, exceeding the Pi's tolerance and causing a destructive latch-up condition. This latch-up drew excessive current, leading to overheating and potential permanent damage. The problem was specific to the Pi 2 due to its power circuitry and didn't affect other Pi models. The issue was ultimately solved by adding a capacitor to the camera module, filtering out the voltage spike and protecting the Pi.

In a captivating tale of unexpected hardware interaction, the blog post "The Xenon Death Flash: How a Camera Nearly Killed the Raspberry Pi 2" chronicles the author's perplexing journey to diagnose a peculiar issue plaguing their Raspberry Pi 2. The saga begins with the seemingly innocuous act of connecting a camera module, specifically one equipped with a xenon flash. Upon triggering the flash, the Raspberry Pi would inexplicably shut down, exhibiting all the symptoms of a complete power failure. This baffling behavior prompted a thorough and methodical investigation.

Initially, the author suspected a software glitch, meticulously scrutinizing their code for errors and testing various configurations. However, the problem persisted regardless of software modifications, suggesting a deeper, hardware-related root cause. Subsequent examination of the Raspberry Pi's power supply revealed no apparent deficiencies, further deepening the mystery. Undeterred, the author continued their quest, postulating that the high current draw of the xenon flash might be the culprit. Measurements confirmed this suspicion, revealing a substantial surge in current demand when the flash fired, exceeding the capabilities of the Raspberry Pi's power circuitry.

The investigation then shifted towards understanding the precise mechanism by which this current surge affected the Raspberry Pi. The author hypothesized that the rapid influx of current was triggering a safety mechanism within the Pi, designed to protect it from overloads. This theory was supported by the observation that the Pi remained unresponsive even after the flash had subsided, indicative of a deliberate shutdown rather than a simple power brownout. Further analysis revealed the likely point of failure: a polyfuse, a self-resetting fuse designed to interrupt the circuit in the event of excessive current flow. While intended to protect the device, the polyfuse was being tripped by the xenon flash's demanding power requirements, effectively disabling the Raspberry Pi.

The ultimate solution involved modifying the power delivery system. Instead of powering both the Raspberry Pi and the camera through the same connection, the author implemented a separate power supply specifically dedicated to the camera's flash. This ingenious workaround effectively isolated the high current draw of the xenon flash from the Raspberry Pi's delicate circuitry, preventing the polyfuse from tripping and allowing the device to function flawlessly. The post concludes with a reflection on the importance of understanding the intricacies of hardware interaction, particularly when dealing with components with varying power demands, and emphasizes the value of persistent troubleshooting in unraveling complex technical challenges. The narrative serves as a compelling reminder that even seemingly straightforward hardware integrations can harbor unforeseen complexities and highlights the rewarding nature of uncovering the root cause of such issues through diligent investigation.
Summary of Comments ( 31 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44080533

HN commenters generally found the article interesting and well-written, praising the author's detective work in isolating the issue. Several pointed out similar experiences with electronics and xenon flashes, including one commenter who mentioned problems with industrial automation equipment. Some discussed the physics behind the phenomenon, suggesting ESD or induced currents as the culprit, and debated the role of grounding and shielding. A few questioned the specific failure mechanism of the Pi's regulator, proposing alternatives like transient voltage suppression. Others noted the increasing complexity of debugging modern electronics and the challenges of reproducing such intermittent issues. The overall sentiment was one of appreciation for the detailed analysis and shared learning experience the article provided.

The Hacker News post titled "The Xenon Death Flash: How a Camera Nearly Killed the Raspberry Pi 2" has generated a moderate number of comments, primarily focusing on technical details related to the issue and offering additional insights and experiences.

Several commenters delve deeper into the electronics and physics behind the xenon flash issue. One user explains how the high current draw from the flash can cause voltage drops, impacting the Pi's sensitive components. They emphasize the importance of proper decoupling capacitors to mitigate these voltage fluctuations. Another comment elaborates on the role of inductance in exacerbating the problem, explaining how even short wires can contribute to voltage spikes due to their inherent inductance. The discussion also touches on the specific vulnerabilities of the Raspberry Pi 2's power circuitry compared to later models.

Some users share their own experiences with similar issues. One commenter recounts how a similar problem arose not with a camera flash but with a high-power USB device, highlighting the broader implications of insufficient power delivery and protection. Another mentions the importance of robust power supplies and the potential risks of using lower-quality adapters.

There's a discussion about different solutions to the problem, beyond the ones mentioned in the article. Some suggestions include using a separate power supply for the camera flash, employing ferrite beads to suppress noise, and implementing more sophisticated power regulation circuits.

A few comments also delve into the broader implications of such hardware vulnerabilities, touching upon the challenges of designing robust electronics, particularly in cost-sensitive devices like the Raspberry Pi. They discuss the trade-offs between cost, complexity, and reliability, and how these considerations can influence design decisions. One comment also humorously points out the irony of a camera flash, intended to capture a fleeting moment, potentially causing the permanent demise of the capturing device.

While the majority of comments remain focused on the technical aspects of the issue, a couple of users express appreciation for the detailed analysis provided in the original article, praising its clarity and educational value. They commend the author's approach to troubleshooting and the thoroughness of the investigation.
Telum II at Hot Chips 2024: Mainframe with a Unique Caching Strategy

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Posted: 2025-05-19 10:27:34

IBM's Telum II processor, detailed at Hot Chips 2024, focuses on improving performance for transactional workloads on their z16 mainframes. A key innovation is its two-level embedded DRAM (eDRAM) L4 cache. This cache operates in a unique way, acting as a victim cache for the L3 and also providing persistent storage for critical data, allowing rapid recovery after power failures. Telum II maintains the same core count and clock speeds as the original Telum but boosts memory bandwidth and capacity, significantly improving performance in transactional and general-purpose workloads. The persistent L4 also simplifies system design by absorbing some functions typically handled by firmware. The design prioritizes reliability and security, crucial for the mainframe environment.

At the Hot Chips 2024 conference, IBM unveiled details about Telum II, the successor to their Telum z16 mainframe processor. Telum II continues the tradition of focusing on high reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS) while pushing performance boundaries for critical enterprise workloads. A key innovation lies in its sophisticated caching strategy, which IBM refers to as "nested set-associative." This approach addresses the challenges of balancing cache capacity, performance, and complexity in a high-core-count environment.

The traditional problem with set-associative caches is that as the number of cores increases, so too does the likelihood of cache conflicts, where different cores compete for the same cache lines. Higher associativity—allowing more data to reside in a given set—can mitigate this, but also increases complexity and latency. IBM's nested set-associative approach creates a hierarchy within the cache itself. This allows for a smaller, faster, and lower-associativity L2 cache, called the "near" L2, optimized for low latency access by a specific core. Alongside this resides a larger, higher-associativity "far" L2 cache shared amongst a cluster of cores. This hybrid approach seeks to offer both the speed advantages of a low-associativity cache and the reduced conflict probability of a higher-associativity cache.

Telum II also features a redesigned L3 cache compared to its predecessor. This new L3 is larger and utilizes a victim-based approach. When a cache line is evicted from the L2 cache, it is placed in the L3 victim cache. This victim cache preferentially serves requests for recently evicted lines, improving the likelihood of a hit and reducing costly DRAM accesses. The L3 victim cache architecture aims to optimize data reuse patterns, particularly benefiting workloads with repeated access to specific data sets.

Beyond caching, Telum II boasts other enhancements, including improved branch prediction and prefetching mechanisms to further enhance instruction flow. The overall design philosophy underscores IBM's commitment to optimizing for real-world enterprise applications that demand high throughput and low latency. While IBM did not disclose specific performance figures, the architectural advancements in Telum II suggest a notable improvement over the previous generation, promising increased efficiency and scalability for mission-critical workloads. Furthermore, the emphasis on maintaining backward compatibility signifies a smooth transition for existing mainframe customers leveraging the z/Architecture ecosystem.
Summary of Comments ( 23 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44028250

HN commenters discuss the complexity of the Telum II caching system, with some expressing awe at its sophistication and others questioning its necessity. Several commenters compare it to other complex caching systems, including those used in x86 and other mainframe architectures. The prevalence of Java workloads on IBM Z systems is highlighted as a potential driver for this unique caching strategy. A few commenters also delve into the specifics of the cache design, including its impact on performance and the challenges involved in managing coherence across multiple cores and L4 caches. Some skepticism is expressed about the real-world benefits of such a complex system, with some arguing that simpler designs might be equally effective.

The Hacker News post discussing the Chips and Cheese article "Telum II at Hot Chips 2024: Mainframe with a Unique Caching Strategy" has generated a moderate number of comments, primarily focusing on the technical details and implications of IBM's z16 Telum2 processor and its caching system.

Several commenters delve into the specifics of the L4 cache and its unusual implementation. One commenter highlights the innovative aspect of using DRAM for the L4, emphasizing its size and the design choices made to mitigate the inherent latency challenges associated with DRAM. They point out that the approach is essentially a hybrid between a traditional cache and main memory. This comment sparked a discussion about the trade-offs between size, speed, and cost, with other users chiming in with their perspectives on the viability and effectiveness of this approach. Some speculate about the potential influence of the CXL interconnect standard on this design.

Another thread discusses the challenges and intricacies of cache coherency in such a complex system, particularly with the introduction of the large L4. Commenters raise questions about how IBM handles the complexities of ensuring data consistency across the different levels of cache and memory. One user questions the rationale behind using DRAM for L4 instead of exploring alternative technologies like Optane or MRAM, prompting further discussion about the potential benefits and drawbacks of these technologies in this specific context.

The topic of IBM's design philosophy and their target market also emerges in the comments. Some users express admiration for IBM's continued focus on mainframe technology and their commitment to pushing the boundaries of hardware design. Others question the long-term viability of the mainframe market, wondering about the specific use cases that justify such specialized and complex systems. There's a brief exchange regarding the performance implications of the Telum2 processor for different workloads, with some commenters pointing out that while it may excel in specific scenarios, its performance advantages might not be universal.

Finally, there's a short discussion about the naming convention used by IBM, with some users expressing amusement at the "Telum" moniker and its similarity to certain culinary terms.

Overall, the comments provide a valuable technical discussion around the nuances of the Telum2 architecture, touching upon various aspects of its design and its implications for the future of mainframe computing. While not overwhelmingly numerous, the comments offer insightful perspectives from individuals with a clear understanding of computer architecture and the specific challenges faced by large-scale systems like IBM's z16 mainframe.
Emulator Debugging: Area 5150's Lake Effect

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Posted: 2025-05-19 08:55:24

The blog post details the author's deep dive into debugging a mysterious "lake effect" graphical glitch appearing in their Area 51 5150 emulator. Through meticulous tracing and analysis of the CGA video controller's logic and interaction with the CPU, they discovered the issue stemmed from a subtle timing error in the emulator's handling of DMA requests during horizontal retrace. Specifically, the emulator wasn't correctly accounting for the CPU halting during these periods, leading to incorrect memory accesses and the characteristic shimmering "lake effect" on-screen. The fix involved a small adjustment to ensure accurate cycle counting and proper synchronization between the CPU and the video controller. This corrected the timing and eliminated the visual artifact, demonstrating the complexity of accurate emulation and the importance of understanding the intricate interplay of hardware components.

Marty Peat, the author of the blog post "Emulator Debugging: Area 5150's Lake Effect," details a fascinating deep dive into troubleshooting a perplexing graphical glitch within his emulation of the IBM 5150, also known as the original IBM PC. The glitch manifested as a strange, recurring pattern of horizontal lines appearing across the screen, specifically during the loading process of the game "Microsoft Flight Simulator 1.0." This anomaly, dubbed the "lake effect" due to its resemblance to ripples on water, was particularly intriguing as it didn't occur on authentic IBM 5150 hardware, indicating an issue within the emulation itself, rather than the original game.

Peat's investigation began with a meticulous process of elimination, ruling out potential culprits like the emulated graphics card (the Color Graphics Adapter or CGA) and various timing-related factors. He employed a combination of debugging tools, including logging and visual inspection of the emulated hardware's state at different points in the game's loading sequence. This involved scrutinizing the behavior of individual components within the emulator, effectively recreating the system's operations step-by-step. He initially suspected an issue with the way the emulator handled the CGA's memory refresh cycles, but rigorous testing disproved this hypothesis.

The breakthrough came when Peat shifted his focus to the interaction between the CPU and the CGA. He discovered that the issue resided in the emulator's handling of specific CPU instructions during Direct Memory Access (DMA) transfers. Specifically, the problem arose during the execution of "REP MOVSB" instructions, which are used for efficient block data transfers. The emulator was incorrectly handling the timing of these instructions relative to the CGA's memory refresh cycles. In essence, the CPU was attempting to access and modify the CGA's memory at the precise moment the CGA itself was refreshing the display, leading to a conflict and the resulting visual artifact of the "lake effect."

By meticulously tracing the execution of these instructions and comparing the emulator's behavior to that of original hardware, Peat identified the discrepancy. He then corrected the emulator's timing behavior, ensuring that the CPU's memory accesses were properly synchronized with the CGA's refresh cycle. This ultimately resolved the graphical glitch, eliminating the "lake effect" and allowing Microsoft Flight Simulator to load flawlessly within the emulated environment. The post concludes with a reflection on the complexities of emulator development and the satisfaction derived from resolving such intricate, low-level bugs. Peat's detailed explanation provides a valuable insight into the challenges and rewards of accurately recreating the behavior of vintage computer systems through emulation.
- emulator
- Debugging
- Area 5150
- Lake Effect
- Retrocomputing
- x86
- IBM PC
- Hardware
- Software
- Simulation
Summary of Comments ( 6 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44027768

The Hacker News comments discuss the challenges and intricacies of debugging emulator issues, particularly in the context of the referenced blog post about an Area 5150 PC emulator and its "lake effect" graphical glitch. Several commenters praise the author's methodical approach and detective work in isolating the bug. Some discuss the complexities of emulating hardware accurately, highlighting the differences between cycle-accurate and less precise emulation methods. A few commenters share their own experiences debugging similar issues, emphasizing the often obscure and unexpected nature of such bugs. One compelling comment thread dives into the specifics of CGA palette registers and how their behavior contributed to the problem. Another interesting exchange explores the challenges of maintaining open-source projects and the importance of clear communication and documentation for collaborative debugging efforts.

The Hacker News post "Emulator Debugging: Area 5150's Lake Effect," linking to a blog post about debugging an emulator, has generated a modest discussion with several interesting comments.

One commenter expresses admiration for the author's deep dive into the intricacies of the Intel 8088 processor and the IBM PC's hardware. They highlight the satisfaction derived from such low-level debugging and the valuable learning experience it provides. This comment resonates with the appreciation for the "detective work" involved in understanding and fixing issues at such a fundamental level.

Another commenter focuses on the specific challenge of debugging timing-related problems in emulators. They mention the difficulty in isolating and identifying the root cause of timing discrepancies, which often lead to subtle and hard-to-reproduce bugs. This comment underscores a common pain point in emulator development, emphasizing the meticulous approach required for accurate emulation.

A further comment delves into the tools and techniques used for debugging emulators. It specifically mentions the use of logic analyzers, highlighting their importance in capturing and analyzing the detailed behavior of the emulated system. This practical insight offers valuable information for anyone working on similar projects.

One commenter shares a personal anecdote about their experience with debugging an emulator for a specific arcade game. They describe the challenges they faced and the satisfaction of finally resolving the issues. This personal touch adds a relatable element to the discussion, demonstrating the real-world applications and rewards of emulator development.

Another commenter briefly mentions the use of the "PCjs" project, an online IBM PC emulator, likely in relation to the topic of emulator debugging. This adds another dimension to the discussion by referencing a practical resource related to the subject.

The discussion also touches upon the importance of accurate documentation in emulator development. One comment emphasizes the need for detailed documentation, particularly regarding undocumented hardware behaviors, which can be crucial for accurate emulation. This highlights the often-overlooked aspect of documentation, particularly when dealing with older or less well-documented systems.

In summary, the comments on the Hacker News post provide valuable insights into the challenges and rewards of emulator debugging, covering aspects such as low-level debugging techniques, timing-related issues, the use of specialized tools, and the importance of documentation. The discussion is generally positive and appreciative of the author's work, reflecting a shared interest in the complexities of emulator development and retrocomputing.
K-Scale Labs: Open-source humanoid robots, built for developers

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Posted: 2025-05-18 19:16:41

K-Scale Labs is developing open-source humanoid robots designed specifically for developers. Their goal is to create a robust and accessible platform for robotics innovation by providing affordable, modular hardware paired with open-source software and development tools. This allows researchers and developers to easily experiment with and contribute to advancements in areas like bipedal locomotion, manipulation, and AI integration. They are currently working on the K-Bot, a small-scale humanoid robot, and plan to release larger, more capable robots in the future. The project emphasizes community involvement and aims to foster a collaborative ecosystem around humanoid robotics development.

K-Scale Labs has embarked on an ambitious endeavor: creating truly open-source humanoid robots specifically designed to empower the developer community. Their flagship project, the "KOOS," aims to be a highly capable and adaptable platform accessible to a broad spectrum of developers, from hobbyists to researchers. The core principle driving K-Scale Labs is the democratization of humanoid robotics, removing the significant barriers to entry typically associated with this complex field. This democratization hinges on both hardware and software accessibility.

On the hardware front, KOOS is built with a modular design philosophy. This modularity facilitates easier repair, customization, and upgrades, contrasting with the often proprietary and integrated systems of existing humanoid robots. It also implies a potential for cost reduction through community-driven manufacturing and sourcing of components. The open-source nature extends to the mechanical design files, electronic schematics, and firmware, enabling users to modify and improve the physical robot itself.

Software-wise, KOOS utilizes ROS (Robot Operating System), a well-established robotics middleware framework, which provides a robust and standardized foundation for development. This choice facilitates interoperability with existing ROS libraries and tools, allowing developers to leverage a vast ecosystem of resources and accelerate their projects. Furthermore, K-Scale Labs plans to contribute actively to the open-source robotics community by releasing their own ROS packages and tools, further enriching the shared knowledge base.

The stated objective of the project goes beyond simply providing a hardware platform. K-Scale Labs envisions KOOS as a catalyst for innovation in robotics by providing a common platform for experimentation and development. This shared platform fosters collaborative development, accelerates the pace of advancement, and has the potential to unlock new applications for humanoid robots across various domains. Ultimately, K-Scale Labs seeks to accelerate the development and adoption of humanoid robots by creating a vibrant and inclusive community around KOOS. They are actively seeking community involvement and contributions to help realize this ambitious vision.
Summary of Comments ( 54 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44023680

Hacker News users discussed the open-source nature of the K-Scale robots, expressing excitement about the potential for community involvement and rapid innovation. Some questioned the practicality and affordability of building a humanoid robot, while others praised the project's ambition and potential to democratize robotics. Several commenters compared K-Scale to the evolution of personal computers, speculating that a similar trajectory of decreasing cost and increasing accessibility could unfold in the robotics field. A few users also expressed concerns about the potential misuse of humanoid robots, particularly in military applications. There was also discussion about the choice of components and the technical challenges involved in building and programming such a complex system. The overall sentiment appeared positive, with many expressing anticipation for future developments.

The Hacker News post titled "K-Scale Labs: Open-source humanoid robots, built for developers" generated a moderate number of comments, mostly focusing on the practicality, cost, and potential applications of the K-Scale robots. Several commenters expressed skepticism about the feasibility of achieving truly useful humanoid robots in the near term, citing the complexity of the problem and the limitations of current technology.

One recurring theme was the high cost of development and maintenance for humanoid robots, with some users pointing out that even with open-source hardware and software, the physical components themselves would be expensive. A commenter questioned the target audience, wondering if developers would be willing to invest the significant resources required to work with these robots, especially given the limited practical applications currently available. This led to a discussion about the potential market for such robots, with some suggesting that research institutions and universities might be the primary users initially.

Another key point of discussion revolved around the current capabilities of humanoid robots. Some commenters argued that the technology is still far from achieving the dexterity and adaptability needed for many real-world tasks. They compared the current state of humanoid robots to early personal computers, suggesting that while promising, there's still a long way to go before they become truly useful in everyday life.

Several comments also touched on the safety aspects of humanoid robots, expressing concerns about potential malfunctions and the need for robust safety mechanisms. One commenter highlighted the complexity of programming safe behaviors in a dynamic environment, emphasizing the challenges of ensuring that robots can interact with humans and their surroundings without causing harm.

There was also some discussion about alternative approaches to robotics, with some commenters suggesting that focusing on specialized robots designed for specific tasks might be more practical than pursuing general-purpose humanoid robots. They argued that simpler robots could be developed and deployed more quickly, potentially delivering more immediate value.

Finally, despite the skepticism, some commenters expressed excitement about the potential of open-source humanoid robots, noting that it could accelerate innovation and collaboration in the field. They acknowledged the challenges but remained optimistic about the long-term possibilities of this technology. The open-source nature of the project was seen as a positive aspect, potentially fostering a community of developers and researchers working together to advance the field.
Show HN: Racketmeter – Measure Badminton String Tension Using Sound Frequency

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Posted: 2025-05-18 17:08:38

Racketmeter is a tool that measures badminton racket string tension using sound frequency analysis. By recording the sound produced when plucking the strings with the Racketmeter app, the software analyzes the dominant frequency and converts it into tension using a physics-based algorithm. The app supports a wide range of rackets and strings, and aims to provide an affordable and accessible alternative to traditional tension measuring devices. It offers various features like tension history tracking, string recommendations, and data visualization to help players optimize their racket setup.

A newly developed application called Racketmeter offers badminton players a novel and potentially more accessible method for measuring the tension of their racket strings. Traditionally, string tension is measured using a dedicated, often expensive, piece of equipment known as a tensionometer. Racketmeter proposes a more convenient and cost-effective alternative by leveraging the relationship between string tension and the frequency of the sound produced when the strings are plucked. The user simply needs to download the Racketmeter application to their smartphone. Upon launching the app, the user is prompted to pluck their badminton racket strings in a specific manner, ensuring a clean and consistent sound. The application then utilizes the smartphone's microphone to record this sound and employs advanced signal processing algorithms to analyze the dominant frequency present in the recorded audio. This frequency is then correlated to the string tension based on a pre-established calibration. Racketmeter aims to provide a reasonably accurate tension measurement without the need for specialized hardware, thereby potentially democratizing string tension maintenance for badminton players of all levels. The application is presented as a useful tool for players to monitor their string tension over time, ensuring optimal performance and playability, as string tension naturally decreases with usage. While not intending to completely replace professional tensionometers, especially for highly precise measurements required by professional stringers, Racketmeter posits itself as a valuable tool for the average player seeking to understand and maintain their equipment more effectively. The developer highlights the convenience and cost-effectiveness of this sound-based approach to string tension measurement, making it a readily available solution for players who may not have access to or the budget for traditional tensioning equipment.
- badminton
- string tension
- Racket
- sports equipment
- sound frequency
- measurement
- Tool
- App
- Mobile App
- iOS
- Android
- DIY
- Hardware
- Software
- Acoustics
- physics
- stringing
Summary of Comments ( 1 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44022781

HN users generally expressed interest in Racketmeter, praising its innovative approach to string tension measurement. Some questioned the accuracy and consistency, particularly regarding the impact of string type and racket frame material. Several commenters with badminton experience suggested additional features, like storing measurements by racket and string, and incorporating tension recommendations based on player skill level or playing style. Others were curious about the underlying physics and the potential for expanding the technology to other racket sports like tennis or squash. There was also a brief discussion of the challenges in accurately measuring tension with traditional tools.

The Hacker News post about Racketmeter, a tool to measure badminton string tension using sound frequency, has generated several comments. Many of the commenters express interest in the technology and its potential applications.

One commenter questions the accuracy of the method, pointing out the potential influence of factors like string type, racket head shape, and even temperature and humidity. They suggest that these variables could affect the frequency reading and lead to inconsistent measurements. This comment sparked a discussion about the complexities of accurately measuring string tension and the limitations of relying solely on sound frequency. The creator of Racketmeter responded to this, acknowledging the limitations and explaining that the tool is primarily designed for relative tension measurement (i.e., tracking changes in tension over time) rather than absolute precision. They further elaborated that the app allows users to calibrate for different rackets and string types to improve accuracy.

Another commenter, who identifies as a stringer, expresses skepticism about the practical usefulness of the tool, stating that experienced stringers can usually gauge tension accurately by feel. They also mention the existence of relatively affordable tension meters already on the market. This comment highlights the potential challenge of convincing experienced users to adopt a new method, especially when existing solutions are perceived as sufficient.

A few commenters inquire about the technical details of the app, such as the algorithms used for frequency analysis and the method of calibration. These comments reflect a curiosity about the underlying technology and a desire to understand how the app works. The creator provides some responses, explaining the use of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for frequency analysis and describing the calibration process.

Some comments express excitement about the potential applications of this technology beyond badminton, suggesting its use for other stringed instruments like tennis rackets, guitars, or even pianos. This suggests a broader interest in using sound frequency for tension measurement in various contexts.

Several commenters praise the creator for their work and encourage further development of the app. The overall sentiment seems to be one of cautious optimism, with many acknowledging the potential of the technology while also recognizing its limitations.
Building my childhood dream PC

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Posted: 2025-05-18 14:52:11

Driven by nostalgia for his Amiga 1200 and the game "Another World," the author built a modern PC dedicated to replicating that specific gaming experience. He meticulously chose components like a period-correct CRT monitor and a graphics card capable of outputting at 256 colors, mimicking the Amiga's limitations. Beyond hardware, he delved into accurately emulating the Amiga's Motorola 68000 CPU and custom chipset, ensuring the game ran as close to the original as possible, including the characteristic floppy disk loading times. This project was a deep dive into retro gaming, focusing on achieving authentic hardware and software emulation for a truly nostalgic experience.

Fabien Sanglard, driven by a potent blend of nostalgia and a desire to finally realize a long-held childhood aspiration, embarked on a meticulously documented journey to construct a personal computer mirroring the specifications of his dream machine from the 1990s. This ambitious undertaking, fueled by a deep appreciation for the technological landscape of his youth, involved not merely assembling contemporary components, but rather, carefully curating period-accurate hardware and software to faithfully recreate the experience of owning a high-end PC during that era.

His chosen configuration, a pinnacle of 1990s computing prowess, centered around a powerful AMD K6-2 300MHz processor, a substantial 64MB of RAM, and a cutting-edge 3dfx Voodoo 2 graphics card, representing the epitome of gaming performance at the time. This hardware was complemented by a spacious 4.3GB hard drive, offering ample storage for the era's software and games, and housed within a beige tower case, aesthetically characteristic of the period.

Sanglard’s narrative meticulously details the process of acquiring these vintage components, often sourced from online marketplaces and private collections, highlighting the challenges and triumphs associated with procuring obsolete technology. The assembly process itself is described with a level of detail that underscores his reverence for the hardware, emphasizing the tactile experience of connecting each component and the satisfaction derived from seeing the system come to life.

Beyond the hardware, Sanglard's project extends to the software ecosystem of the late 1990s. He chronicles the installation of period-correct operating systems, such as Windows 98, and the configuration of essential drivers and utilities. Furthermore, he delves into the realm of retro gaming, showcasing the performance of classic titles on the meticulously reconstructed system, effectively transporting himself and his readers back to a bygone era of PC gaming.

The overarching theme of this project transcends mere technical achievement. It represents a deeply personal exploration of technological nostalgia, a testament to the enduring allure of vintage computing, and a celebration of the transformative impact that early PC experiences can have on an individual’s passion for technology. Through painstaking research, meticulous assembly, and evocative descriptions, Sanglard effectively captures the essence of a specific moment in computing history, sharing his passion and providing a captivating glimpse into the world of 1990s PC gaming.
Summary of Comments ( 14 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44021824

Hacker News users discuss the nostalgic appeal of building a retro PC and the author's dedication to recreating a specific era. Several commenters share their own memories of similar builds and the challenges of sourcing period-correct components. Some discuss the technical aspects of the build, like the limitations of older hardware and the intricacies of DOS gaming. Others praise the author's attention to detail, including the use of CRT monitors and period-appropriate software. A few express interest in similar projects, highlighting the enduring fascination with retro computing. The thread also touches upon the simplicity and directness of older hardware compared to modern systems.

The Hacker News post "Building my childhood dream PC" (linking to fabiensanglard.net/2168/index.php) generated a moderate amount of discussion, with a number of commenters sharing their own nostalgic memories and technical insights.

Several commenters reminisced about their own experiences with similar hardware, often mentioning the Sound Blaster 16 and the challenges of configuring IRQs and DMAs. One commenter fondly recalled the "clicky-clacky keyboards" and the distinct sounds of floppy drives. Another shared a personal anecdote about coveting a friend's Sound Blaster AWE32 and the creative possibilities it unlocked.

The technical aspects of the build also sparked conversation. One commenter questioned the choice of a 486 DX4-100, suggesting a DX2-66 might offer better performance in some scenarios due to its faster bus speed. This led to further discussion about the relative merits of different CPU and motherboard combinations of the era.

Another thread explored the intricacies of DOS memory management and the use of memmaker or qemm to optimize conventional memory. Commenters shared tips and tricks for maximizing available RAM, highlighting the challenges developers faced at the time.

A few commenters expressed admiration for the author's dedication to recreating a period-specific build, contrasting it with the ease of modern PC building. The nostalgia factor was a recurring theme, with many expressing appreciation for the reminder of a bygone era in computing.

While not a highly active thread, the comments on this Hacker News post offer a blend of personal anecdotes and technical discussion, providing a glimpse into the challenges and excitements of PC building in the early to mid-1990s. The overall sentiment is one of shared nostalgia and appreciation for the author's project.
How to Build a Smartwatch: Picking a Chip

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Posted: 2025-05-14 07:02:54

Choosing the right chip is crucial for building a smartwatch. This post explores key considerations like power consumption, processing power, integrated peripherals (like Bluetooth and GPS), and cost. It emphasizes the importance of balancing performance with battery life, highlighting low-power architectures like ARM Cortex-M series and dedicated real-time operating systems (RTOS). The post also discusses the complexities of integrating various sensors and communication protocols, and suggests considering pre-certified modules to simplify development. Ultimately, the ideal chip depends on the specific features and target price point of the smartwatch.

This blog post, titled "How to Build a Smartwatch: Picking a Chip," delves into the intricate process of selecting the appropriate microprocessor for a smartwatch project, a critical decision that significantly influences the final product's capabilities, power consumption, and overall development complexity. The author, embarking on a personal endeavor to construct a smartwatch, outlines the key considerations and challenges involved in this crucial step.

The post begins by emphasizing the importance of the system-on-a-chip (SoC) as the heart of the smartwatch, responsible for driving all functionalities. It then meticulously categorizes the available options into three primary tiers: low-end, mid-range, and high-end, each catering to different performance and power requirements.

The low-end category is characterized by its affordability and ultra-low power consumption, making it suitable for basic functionalities like timekeeping, notifications, and simple sensor integration. However, these chips often lack the processing power for complex applications or graphically rich interfaces. The author provides specific examples of such chips, highlighting their strengths and limitations in detail.

Moving up the ladder, the mid-range tier offers a balanced compromise between performance and power efficiency. These chips can handle more demanding tasks, such as running lightweight operating systems, supporting richer user interfaces, and enabling more advanced sensor processing. The author again presents several examples of chips falling into this category, comparing their specifications and suitability for various use cases.

Finally, the high-end tier represents the cutting edge of smartwatch technology, boasting powerful processors capable of running full-fledged operating systems, supporting complex applications, and driving high-resolution displays. While offering the most impressive performance, these chips come at the cost of significantly higher power consumption, impacting battery life. The author provides a glimpse into this category, acknowledging its potential but also emphasizing the challenges associated with power management.

Throughout the post, the author meticulously analyzes the trade-offs involved in selecting a chip, considering factors like processing power, RAM, storage, peripheral support, power consumption, and cost. The narrative conveys a practical, hands-on perspective, drawing from the author's own experience and providing valuable insights into the complexities of smartwatch development. The post concludes by emphasizing the importance of carefully evaluating the specific requirements of the project before making a decision, as the choice of chip fundamentally shapes the final product.
- Smartwatch
- DIY
- Electronics
- Hardware
- Microcontroller
- Chip
- Processor
- SoC
- Embedded Systems
- Wearables
- IoT
- Product Design
- Engineering
- Tutorial
- How-to
- Technology
Summary of Comments ( 90 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43981680

The Hacker News comments discuss the challenges of smartwatch development, particularly around battery life and performance trade-offs. Several commenters point out the difficulty in finding a suitable balance between power consumption and processing power for a wearable device. Some suggest that the author's choice of the RP2040 might be underpowered for a truly "smart" watch experience, while others appreciate the focus on lower power consumption for extended battery life. There's also discussion of alternative chips and development platforms like the nRF52 series and PineTime, as well as the complexities of software development and UI design for such a constrained environment. A few commenters express skepticism about building a smartwatch from scratch, citing the significant engineering hurdles involved, while others encourage the author's endeavor.

The Hacker News post "How to Build a Smartwatch: Picking a Chip" has generated a moderate number of comments discussing various aspects of smartwatch development, particularly focusing on the challenges of power consumption and the suitability of different chipsets.

Several commenters highlighted the significant hurdle of achieving acceptable battery life in smartwatches. One commenter pointed out the trade-offs between functionality and power consumption, noting that even basic functions like a heart rate monitor can dramatically drain the battery. They emphasized the importance of optimizing software and hardware to minimize power usage. Another user echoed this sentiment, suggesting that power management is the primary challenge in smartwatch design and that the choice of display technology significantly impacts battery life. They proposed that transflective displays, despite their limitations, might be a better choice for maximizing battery life compared to more power-hungry alternatives like OLED.

Discussion around specific chipsets also emerged. One commenter mentioned the Dialog DA14697 as a low-power option, highlighting its potential for extended battery life. However, they also acknowledged that its relatively limited processing power compared to more powerful chips might restrict the range of features a smartwatch could offer. Another commenter suggested the Nordic nRF52 series as a suitable alternative, particularly for applications requiring Bluetooth Low Energy connectivity. This sparked a brief discussion about the merits of different Bluetooth protocols and their power consumption characteristics.

The complexities of sensor integration were also touched upon. One user pointed out that integrating multiple sensors effectively can be challenging, especially considering the limited physical space available in a smartwatch. They emphasized the importance of carefully considering the power consumption of each sensor and optimizing their usage to avoid excessive battery drain.

Beyond hardware considerations, one commenter discussed the challenges of developing compelling smartwatch software, arguing that many current smartwatches lack truly useful and engaging applications. They suggested that the focus should shift towards developing software that provides genuine value to users, rather than simply replicating smartphone functionality on a smaller screen.

While the discussion wasn't extensive, it provided valuable insights into the practical considerations involved in smartwatch development, with a clear focus on the critical role of power management and the trade-offs between performance, features, and battery life. Several specific chipsets were suggested, prompting further discussion about their suitability for various use cases. The comments overall painted a picture of a complex design space where careful hardware and software choices are crucial for creating a successful product.
The world could run on older hardware if software optimization was a priority

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Posted: 2025-05-13 10:31:09

John Carmack argues that the relentless push for new hardware is often unnecessary. He believes software optimization is a significantly undervalued practice and that with proper attention to efficiency, older hardware could easily handle most tasks. This focus on hardware upgrades creates a wasteful cycle of obsolescence, contributing to e-waste and forcing users into unnecessary expenses. He asserts that prioritizing performance optimization in software development would not only extend the lifespan of existing devices but also lead to a more sustainable and cost-effective tech ecosystem overall.

In a concise yet impactful statement published on the social media platform Twitter, renowned software engineer John Carmack postulates that the global reliance on perpetually upgrading to the latest computer hardware could be significantly mitigated if software developers prioritized optimization techniques. He argues that current software development practices often favor rapid development and feature implementation over meticulous code refinement and performance tuning. This emphasis on speed, while enabling quicker release cycles, frequently results in software that is less efficient and more demanding of hardware resources.

Carmack contends that if the industry shifted its focus towards optimizing software performance, existing hardware could have a significantly longer lifespan. This means that computers, mobile devices, and other electronic systems could continue to function effectively for an extended period, even without the latest processors, memory, and other components. This, in turn, would have a multitude of positive implications, ranging from reducing electronic waste and conserving valuable resources to making technology more accessible to individuals and communities with limited financial means. By extracting maximum performance from current hardware through optimized code, the constant pressure to upgrade, driven largely by increasingly resource-intensive software, could be alleviated. He implies that the potential benefits of prioritizing software optimization are substantial and largely untapped, representing a missed opportunity for both the technology industry and the broader global community.
Summary of Comments ( 293 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43971464

HN users largely agree with Carmack's sentiment that software bloat is a significant problem leading to unnecessary hardware upgrades. Several commenters point to specific examples of software becoming slower over time, citing web browsers, Electron apps, and the increasing reliance on JavaScript frameworks. Some suggest that the economics of software development, including planned obsolescence and the abundance of cheap hardware, disincentivize optimization. Others discuss the difficulty of optimization, highlighting the complexity of modern software and the trade-offs between performance, features, and development time. A few dissenting opinions argue that hardware advancements drive progress and enable new possibilities, making optimization a less critical concern. Overall, the discussion revolves around the balance between performance and progress, with many lamenting the lost art of efficient coding.

The Hacker News post "The world could run on older hardware if software optimization was a priority" (linking to an old Carmack tweet) sparked a lively discussion with numerous comments exploring the nuances of software optimization and its relationship with hardware advancements.

Several commenters agreed with the sentiment expressed in Carmack's tweet, arguing that a renewed focus on optimization could lead to significant performance gains on existing hardware, reducing e-waste and extending the lifespan of devices. They pointed to examples of bloat in modern software and web pages, suggesting that unnecessary features and inefficient code contribute to the perceived need for constant hardware upgrades. Some users reminisced about older, simpler times when software was leaner and performed well on less powerful hardware.

However, others offered counterpoints and highlighted the complexities of the issue. One prevalent argument was that hardware advancements have enabled developers to prioritize features and rapid development over painstaking optimization. While acknowledging the potential benefits of optimization, they suggested that the cost in developer time and effort might outweigh the gains in hardware lifespan, particularly in a fast-paced industry.

Some comments delved into the economic incentives driving the current hardware-centric approach. The argument was made that the industry is structured around selling new hardware, and prioritizing software optimization could disrupt this model. Planned obsolescence was also mentioned, with some suggesting that manufacturers intentionally limit the lifespan of devices to encourage upgrades.

The discussion also touched upon the difficulty of optimizing for a diverse range of hardware and software environments. One commenter pointed out that the increasing complexity of software makes optimization a more challenging task, and achieving optimal performance across different platforms can be a significant hurdle.

Furthermore, the trade-off between optimization and developer productivity was a recurring theme. Several commenters argued that focusing on optimization can slow down development cycles and increase development costs, which can be detrimental in competitive markets. The idea of "premature optimization" was also mentioned, cautioning against optimizing code too early in the development process, which can lead to wasted effort and make the code harder to maintain.

Finally, some comments explored specific examples of optimization techniques and areas where improvements could be made. These included discussions of compiler optimization, algorithmic efficiency, and reducing unnecessary data transfer and processing.

In summary, the Hacker News comments presented a multifaceted perspective on the relationship between software optimization and hardware advancements. While many agreed with Carmack's sentiment, the discussion highlighted the practical and economic challenges of prioritizing optimization in the current technological landscape. The comments offered a nuanced exploration of the trade-offs involved, acknowledging the potential benefits while also recognizing the complexities of achieving widespread software optimization.
Dasung Paperlike 13K is a 13.3 inch E Ink color monitor

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Posted: 2025-05-09 13:56:37

Dasung is crowdfunding the Paperlike 13K, a 13.3-inch color E Ink monitor. It utilizes Kaleido 3 color e-paper technology, offering a 15:9 aspect ratio and 2200 x 1650 pixel resolution (300 PPI for black and white, 100 PPI for color). The monitor supports both HDMI and USB-C connectivity, includes a built-in stand, and is expected to ship in June. While pricing hasn't been finalized, Dasung estimates it will cost around $1000.

Dasung, a company renowned for its e-paper monitors designed to reduce eye strain, has unveiled its latest innovation: the Paperlike 13K. This cutting-edge monitor boasts a 13.3-inch Kaleido 3 color e-ink display, representing a significant advancement in electronic paper technology. While previous e-ink color displays have often been criticized for muted colors and slow refresh rates, the Kaleido 3 technology promises a marked improvement in both areas. The Paperlike 13K offers a resolution of 2200 x 1650 pixels in black and white mode, delivering crisp and clear text rendering. When displaying color content, the resolution shifts to 1600 x 1200 pixels. This reduction is inherent in the Kaleido 3 technology's color filter array, but it still represents a respectable resolution for a color e-ink display.

Dasung is currently soliciting funding for the Paperlike 13K through a crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo. Early bird backers can secure the monitor at a discounted price, although the final retail price is expected to be higher. The company aims to begin shipping the Paperlike 13K to backers in June, indicating that the product is nearing completion of its development phase.

A key selling point of the Paperlike 13K is its focus on eye comfort. The e-ink display technology inherently lacks the flickering backlight found in traditional LCD monitors, thus reducing eye strain and fatigue, particularly during extended periods of use. This makes the monitor an attractive option for users who spend significant time reading, writing, or coding.

Beyond its core display technology, the Paperlike 13K incorporates several features designed to enhance user experience. These include front light adjustment, allowing users to tailor the screen's brightness to their environment, and various refresh rate modes to optimize performance for different types of content. While the exact specifications and performance metrics remain to be fully disclosed, the Paperlike 13K holds considerable promise for users seeking a more comfortable and eye-friendly computing experience. It represents a notable step forward in the evolution of e-ink technology and its application in mainstream display devices. The campaign also highlights the inclusion of a "turbo" mode designed to improve performance for tasks requiring faster refresh rates, like watching videos, though the limitations of e-ink technology in this regard are acknowledged. The Paperlike 13K is positioned as a secondary monitor, particularly suited for tasks involving text and coding, reflecting the current capabilities of color e-ink technology.
- Dasung
- Paperlike 13K
- E Ink
- e-paper
- color monitor
- 13.3 inch
- Display
- Monitor
- Crowdfunding
- Technology
- Hardware
- Electronics
- digital ink
- eye strain
- Low Power
Summary of Comments ( 1 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43936813

HN commenters discuss the Dasung Paperlike 13K e-ink color monitor, expressing excitement but also reservations. Several highlight the high price ($1300) as a major barrier, especially given the relatively low refresh rate suitable primarily for coding and reading, not video or gaming. Some question the color accuracy and saturation compared to LCDs, while others are interested in its potential for reducing eye strain. A few commenters mention previous experience with e-ink monitors, noting improvements in refresh rate but lingering ghosting issues. Overall, the consensus seems to be cautious optimism tempered by the cost and limitations of the technology.

The Hacker News post titled "Dasung Paperlike 13K is a 13.3 inch E Ink color monitor" has generated a few comments, mostly focusing on the limitations of current color e-ink technology and the niche appeal of such a monitor.

One commenter highlights the trade-offs inherent in e-ink displays, specifically mentioning the slow refresh rate, which makes them unsuitable for video or anything involving rapid changes. They acknowledge the advantages for static content like reading, coding, or writing.

Another comment questions the practicality of a color e-ink monitor at this stage of the technology's development. They point out the limitations of color reproduction and refresh rate, suggesting that unless these aspects are significantly improved, the product's appeal will remain limited. They suggest the current iteration is more of a curiosity or stepping stone towards better future versions rather than a truly useful device.

One user shares their personal experience with the previous generation of Dasung's e-ink monitors, noting that despite the technology's inherent limitations, the comfort for their eyes makes it worth the cost. This commenter appreciates the reduction in eye strain provided by the e-ink display, highlighting the value proposition for users with eye sensitivity.

The refresh rate is again mentioned, with one user expressing a desire for a grayscale version with a higher refresh rate, even suggesting a crowdfunding campaign for such a product. This indicates a demand for e-ink monitors specifically optimized for tasks that don't require color but would benefit from faster updates.

Finally, there's a short discussion about the use of Kaleido 3 color e-ink technology. A user questions whether the monitor uses this latest generation, and another confirms that it does, adding that the next generation (Kaleido 4) is expected to be significantly better. This hints at the rapidly evolving nature of e-ink technology and the potential for future improvements in color reproduction and refresh rate.
Starlink User Terminal Teardown

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Posted: 2025-05-09 03:03:51

A teardown of the Starlink user terminal reveals a surprisingly simple and robust design focused on cost-effectiveness and mass production. The dish antenna utilizes a phased array system controlled by a custom-designed ASIC. The system prioritizes software over complex hardware, relying on sophisticated beamforming algorithms for tracking and signal processing. The overall construction is straightforward, employing readily available components and manufacturing techniques, suggesting a focus on scalability and affordability for widespread deployment.

This blog post, titled "Starlink User Terminal Teardown," provides a detailed examination of the internal hardware components of a first-generation, rectangular Starlink user terminal, sometimes referred to as a "Dishy." The author's primary objective is to document the sophisticated technology contained within this seemingly simple device, offering insights into the engineering behind Starlink's satellite internet service. The teardown is not a complete disassembly down to every individual component, but rather a focused exploration of the key systems.

The analysis begins with an overview of the terminal's external features, noting the robust construction of the plastic housing designed to withstand harsh environmental conditions. The post then proceeds to document the careful dismantling of the unit, highlighting the methods used to access the internal electronics while preserving the integrity of the components.

The investigation reveals a complex array of hardware, including the phased array antenna itself, which is the heart of the terminal. This antenna system is composed of numerous individual antenna elements, enabling beamforming and electronic steering to maintain a consistent connection with the Starlink satellite constellation. The author emphasizes the intricate design and precise manufacturing of the antenna array, demonstrating its crucial role in achieving high-speed internet connectivity.

Beyond the antenna, the teardown reveals the sophisticated RF circuitry responsible for transmitting and receiving data. The post describes the various RF components, including amplifiers, filters, and other signal processing elements, which are essential for managing the high-frequency signals used in satellite communication. The author observes the high quality of these components and their integration within the overall system.

The post also explores the terminal's power supply and management system, noting its efficiency and design considerations. The power system is critical for providing consistent and reliable power to the antenna and other internal electronics, even in varying environmental conditions. The author also details the cooling system integrated into the terminal, emphasizing its importance in maintaining optimal operating temperatures for the electronics.

Finally, the teardown examines the main processing unit, the "brain" of the terminal, which manages communication with the Starlink network and handles data routing. The author notes the processing power of this unit, which is necessary for managing the complexities of satellite internet communication, including signal acquisition, tracking, and data processing. The post concludes by highlighting the impressive engineering and advanced technology packed within the seemingly unassuming Starlink user terminal, showcasing the significant effort undertaken to deliver high-speed internet access via a satellite constellation. The author expresses admiration for the design and construction of the device, emphasizing its role in revolutionizing internet access, particularly in remote and underserved areas.
Summary of Comments ( 71 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43933452

HN commenters discuss the Starlink user terminal teardown, focusing on its surprisingly sophisticated design and robust construction. Several praise the engineering quality, particularly the custom ASICs and tight integration of components. Some express concerns about repairability due to potting and glued-in components, impacting right-to-repair and e-waste. Others analyze the potential cost of the terminal, debating whether SpaceX is selling it at a loss and how this strategy impacts competition. A few comments touch upon the security aspects of the system, questioning the closed-source nature of the firmware and potential vulnerabilities. The overall sentiment is one of impressed curiosity mixed with pragmatic concerns about long-term ownership and security.

The Hacker News post "Starlink User Terminal Teardown" (https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43933452) has a moderate number of comments discussing various aspects of the teardown analysis of the Starlink user terminal.

Several commenters focus on the impressive engineering and cost-effectiveness of the Starlink system. One commenter points out the remarkably low cost of the phased array antenna compared to military systems, attributing it to advancements in silicon and mass production. They highlight the innovative use of a standard router chipset for beamforming and network processing, showcasing SpaceX's ability to leverage existing technology for cost savings. Another commenter expands on this, praising the system's modularity and the clever integration of the modem directly into the antenna assembly. This integrated design simplifies installation and reduces potential points of failure.

Another thread of discussion revolves around the security and privacy implications of the system. One user raises concerns about the closed-source nature of the firmware and the potential for surveillance. They question the level of trust users must place in SpaceX and express a desire for more transparency. This concern is echoed by another commenter who mentions the theoretical possibility of SpaceX being compelled to cooperate with government surveillance requests. However, a counterargument is presented suggesting the inherent security of the system due to its encrypted nature and the difficulty of intercepting signals in space.

Other comments delve into more technical details. One user points out the clever design of the dish's motor assembly, which is optimized for reliability and efficiency. Another discusses the potential of the system for mesh networking and how it could be used to provide connectivity in remote or disaster-stricken areas. The use of a standard PoE (Power over Ethernet) connection is also mentioned, highlighting the system's ease of integration with existing networking infrastructure.

A few commenters share personal anecdotes about their experiences with Starlink, praising its performance and reliability, particularly in areas with limited traditional internet options. They mention the significant impact it has had on their ability to work remotely and access online services.

Finally, some comments touch on the broader implications of Starlink, such as its potential to bridge the digital divide and provide global internet access. One commenter speculates on the future evolution of the technology and the possibility of even faster speeds and lower latency.

In summary, the comments on the Hacker News post offer a mix of technical analysis, practical considerations, and broader reflections on the implications of Starlink technology. They showcase a general appreciation for the engineering ingenuity of the system while also raising valid concerns about security and privacy. The discussion highlights the potential of Starlink to revolutionize internet access and underscores the importance of continued scrutiny as the technology evolves.
Huawei unveils laptop running self-developed HarmonyOS as Windows licence expire

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Posted: 2025-05-08 14:24:04

Huawei has launched its first laptop powered by its self-developed HarmonyOS operating system. This move comes as the company's license to use Microsoft Windows has reportedly expired. The new laptop, the Qingyun L410, is aimed at the government and enterprise market, signaling Huawei's continued push to establish its own ecosystem independent of US-originated software.

Shenzhen-based telecommunications giant Huawei Technologies has unveiled its latest offering in the personal computing market: the Qingyun L410 laptop. This significant development marks the first instance of a Huawei laptop eschewing the ubiquitous Microsoft Windows operating system in favor of the company's indigenously developed HarmonyOS. This strategic shift comes in the wake of the expiration of Huawei's license to utilize Windows, a consequence of the ongoing trade restrictions imposed by the United States government. These restrictions, implemented in 2019, stem from concerns regarding national security and accusations of Huawei's potential ties to the Chinese government, allegations that Huawei vehemently denies.

The Qingyun L410, specifically designed for enterprise clients in the Chinese government and state-owned enterprises, signals Huawei's determined pursuit of self-sufficiency in its technological endeavors. The laptop is powered by a Kunpeng 990 processor, another product of Huawei's in-house development, further solidifying the company's commitment to reducing reliance on foreign technology. This unveiling represents a pivotal moment in Huawei's broader strategy to navigate the challenges presented by the US trade restrictions and establish a robust ecosystem around its proprietary HarmonyOS. While initial deployment targets a specific niche market, the introduction of the Qingyun L410 could potentially pave the way for wider adoption of HarmonyOS-powered laptops in the future, further challenging the dominance of Windows in the PC operating system landscape, particularly within China. The development also underscores the growing technological decoupling between the US and China, with both nations increasingly prioritizing self-reliance in critical technology sectors.
Summary of Comments ( 5 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43926350

Hacker News users discuss Huawei's HarmonyOS laptop, expressing skepticism about its viability as a Windows replacement. Several commenters doubt HarmonyOS's compatibility with existing software and question its overall performance. Some suggest the move is forced due to US sanctions, while others speculate about its potential success in the Chinese market. A few users raise concerns about potential security vulnerabilities and backdoors given the Chinese government's influence over Huawei. Overall, the sentiment leans towards cautious pessimism about HarmonyOS's ability to compete with established operating systems outside of China.

The Hacker News comments section for the article "Huawei unveils laptop running self-developed HarmonyOS as Windows licence expires" contains a robust discussion revolving around the viability and implications of Huawei's new HarmonyOS laptop.

Several commenters express skepticism about HarmonyOS's true nature. Some question whether it's genuinely a new operating system or just a reskinned version of Android. This skepticism stems from observations about the similarities between HarmonyOS and Android in terms of app compatibility and underlying architecture. Some users recount their experiences with HarmonyOS, noting the presence of Android app support and even the appearance of Android debugging tools, fueling the suspicion that it's not entirely distinct from Android.

A recurring theme in the comments is the challenge Huawei faces in building a thriving software ecosystem. Commenters point to the importance of developer support and a robust app store for an operating system to succeed. They question whether Huawei can attract enough developers to create applications specifically for HarmonyOS, especially given the existing dominance of Android and iOS. The lack of Google Mobile Services (GMS) is also highlighted as a significant hurdle for international adoption.

Several comments touch upon the geopolitical context surrounding Huawei's move. Some speculate that the development of HarmonyOS is a direct consequence of the US sanctions and the expiration of Huawei's Windows license, forcing the company to pursue self-reliance. Others discuss the implications for the broader tech landscape, with some suggesting that a successful HarmonyOS could challenge the dominance of American tech giants.

Some commenters delve into the technical aspects of HarmonyOS, discussing its microkernel architecture and potential advantages in terms of performance and security. Others express curiosity about its compatibility with different hardware platforms and its potential for use in Internet of Things (IoT) devices.

A few commenters offer more positive perspectives, expressing interest in trying out HarmonyOS and hoping for its success. They acknowledge the challenges Huawei faces but also recognize the potential for innovation and competition in the operating system market.

Overall, the comments section reveals a mixed sentiment towards Huawei's HarmonyOS. While some express excitement and cautious optimism, many remain skeptical about its long-term viability and question whether it can truly compete with established players like Android and Windows. The discussion highlights the significant challenges Huawei faces in building a thriving software ecosystem and overcoming geopolitical hurdles.
Yes, the Apple II MouseCard IRQ Is Synced to the VBL

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Posted: 2025-05-08 12:19:55

The Apple II MouseCard's interrupt requests (IRQs) are indeed synchronized with the vertical blanking interval (VBL). Through oscilloscope analysis and examining the MouseCard's firmware, the author confirmed that the card cleverly uses the VBL signal to time its counter, ensuring consistent IRQ generation every 1/60th of a second. This synchronization prevents screen tearing and jerky mouse movement, as updates are coordinated with the display refresh. Despite prior speculation and documentation suggesting otherwise, the investigation conclusively demonstrates the VBL-synced nature of the MouseCard's IRQ.

This blog post by Colin Holgate meticulously investigates and confirms a long-held assumption about the Apple II MouseCard: its interrupt request (IRQ) signal is indeed synchronized with the vertical blanking interval (VBL) of the Apple II's display. The VBL is the period during which the electron beam in a CRT monitor returns to the top of the screen after refreshing the image, a time when the system can perform updates without causing visual artifacts.

Holgate begins by outlining the common belief that the MouseCard IRQ is tied to the VBL and explaining why this synchronization is beneficial. It allows the mouse driver software to update the cursor position during the VBL, preventing flickering or tearing that might occur if the update happened mid-refresh. He then notes that while this synchronization was generally accepted, definitive documentation proving it was lacking.

To investigate this, Holgate employs a logic analyzer to capture and analyze the timing signals of both the MouseCard IRQ and the Apple II's VBL. He details his experimental setup, which involved connecting the logic analyzer probes to the appropriate pins on the MouseCard and using a simple program on the Apple II to trigger the mouse IRQ.

The resulting captured data, visualized in the blog post as a logic analyzer trace, clearly demonstrates the temporal relationship between the two signals. The MouseCard IRQ is shown to consistently occur within the VBL window. Holgate explains how the trace reveals that the IRQ is not only within the VBL but occurs at a specific and consistent point within it. He elaborates on the significance of this precise timing, highlighting that it further strengthens the evidence of intentional synchronization.

Finally, after presenting and analyzing the empirical data, Holgate concludes that the long-held belief is indeed correct: the Apple II MouseCard IRQ is demonstrably synchronized with the VBL. He underscores the importance of this finding for developers working with Apple II emulation or those interested in the low-level hardware operation of this vintage system. The post effectively provides conclusive evidence for a previously undocumented but important aspect of the Apple II MouseCard's functionality.
- Apple II
- MouseCard
- IRQ
- VBL
- Interrupt
- Hardware
- Retrocomputing
- vintage computing
- Apple
- Peripheral
- input device
- Timing
- synchronization
Summary of Comments ( 11 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43925414

HN commenters discuss the intricacies of the Apple II MouseCard's interrupt handling, particularly its synchronization with the vertical blanking interval (VBL). Some express admiration for the clever engineering required to achieve stable mouse input within the constraints of the Apple II's hardware. One commenter recounts experiences with similar timing challenges on the Atari 8-bit and C64, emphasizing the difficulty of accurate timing without dedicated hardware support. Others delve into the specifics of the MouseCard's design, mentioning the use of a shift register and the challenges of debouncing button presses. The overall tone is one of appreciation for the ingenuity required to implement seemingly simple features on older hardware.

The Hacker News post titled "Yes, the Apple II MouseCard IRQ Is Synced to the VBL" has generated a modest discussion with several insightful comments.

One commenter highlights the cleverness of syncing the MouseCard interrupt request (IRQ) with the vertical blanking interval (VBL). They explain that this synchronization prevents visual artifacts or "snow" that could occur if the interrupt happened during active screen drawing. This method effectively utilizes the VBL's inherent downtime for interrupt handling, maximizing the efficiency of the system.

Another commenter dives deeper into the Apple II's hardware limitations, explaining the rationale behind the chosen IRQ method. They point out that the 6502 processor lacked sophisticated interrupt handling capabilities, making a simple, synchronized approach like tying the IRQ to the VBL the most practical solution. This constraint forced elegant design choices that leveraged existing system timings.

A further comment contrasts the Apple II's method with other systems that used periodic interrupts for mouse input. While acknowledging the potential for slight inaccuracies in the Apple II's approach, they emphasize the simplicity and effectiveness of the VBL-synced IRQ within the context of the Apple II's hardware.

Another commenter shares a personal anecdote about their experience with the Apple II MouseCard, highlighting the surprisingly good performance despite the seemingly rudimentary interrupt mechanism. They suggest that this positive user experience is a testament to the effectiveness of the VBL synchronization.

The overall sentiment in the comments is one of appreciation for the ingenuity and practicality of the Apple II's design choices, particularly in light of the hardware constraints of the era. The discussion provides a fascinating glimpse into the challenges and solutions of early computer engineering.
Ink and Algorithms: Techniques, tools and the craft of pen plotting

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Posted: 2025-05-08 08:14:38

"Ink and Algorithms" explores the artistic landscape of pen plotting, covering both the technical and creative aspects. It delves into various techniques for generating plotter-ready artwork, from using traditional design software like Illustrator to leveraging code-based tools like Processing and Python libraries. The post examines different approaches to creating visuals, including generative art, geometric patterns, and data visualization, while also discussing the practical considerations of pen selection, paper choices, and plotter settings. Ultimately, it emphasizes the intersection of art and technology, showcasing how pen plotting offers a unique blend of algorithmic precision and handcrafted aesthetics.

The article "Ink and Algorithms: Techniques, tools and the craft of pen plotting" provides a comprehensive exploration of the art and technique of creating art using pen plotters, which are computer-controlled drawing machines. It delves into the intricate details of this resurgent artistic medium, examining both the hardware and software involved, as well as the artistic considerations unique to this form of expression.

The piece begins by introducing the fundamental principles of pen plotting, describing the basic mechanism of how these devices function and the various types of plotters available, ranging from vintage analog models to modern, digitally controlled machines like the Axidraw. It emphasizes the distinct aesthetic produced by pen plotters, characterized by precise lines, intricate patterns, and a certain mechanical charm derived from the physical process of the pen moving across the paper.

A significant portion of the article is dedicated to exploring the software tools and techniques employed in generating plotter-ready artwork. It discusses vector graphics software, highlighting Inkscape and Adobe Illustrator as prominent examples, and explains the importance of vector data in controlling the plotter's movements. The concept of generative art is introduced, outlining how algorithms and code can be used to create complex and often unpredictable designs. Processing, a flexible software sketchbook and language for learning how to code within the context of the visual arts, is presented as a powerful tool for generative art creation. Several coding examples are provided to illustrate how different algorithms can be implemented to produce various visual effects, including intricate line patterns, geometric shapes, and organic forms. The article also touches upon the use of other programming languages like Python and JavaScript for generating plotter art.

Beyond the technical aspects, the article delves into the artistic considerations involved in pen plotting. It discusses the importance of paper selection and pen types in achieving desired visual effects, emphasizing the interplay between ink, paper, and the plotter itself. It explores different artistic styles and approaches, showcasing the versatility of pen plotting as a medium capable of producing everything from minimalist line drawings to highly detailed and complex illustrations. The article also addresses the challenges and troubleshooting tips specific to pen plotting, such as dealing with pen stalls, paper slippage, and optimizing plotting parameters for different materials.

Finally, the article provides a wealth of resources for further exploration, including links to online communities, tutorials, and software libraries related to pen plotting. It effectively positions pen plotting as a dynamic and evolving art form, accessible to both experienced artists and those new to the world of digital fabrication and generative art, encouraging readers to experiment and discover the creative possibilities offered by this unique blend of technology and artistry.
- pen plotting
- plotter art
- Digital Fabrication
- Generative Art
- algorithmic art
- Creative Coding
- CNC
- vector graphics
- SVG
- art
- drawing
- illustration
- design
- tools
- techniques
- Software
- Hardware
- pen plotters
- ink
Summary of Comments ( 4 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43924178

HN users generally expressed fascination with pen plotting and the linked website. Several praised the site's comprehensive nature, covering both the artistic and technical sides of the craft. Some discussed their own experiences and preferences with different plotters, inks, and papers. A few commenters highlighted the nostalgic appeal of pen plotters, connecting them to older technologies and the satisfaction of physical creation. Others focused on the algorithmic aspects, sharing resources for generative art and discussing the interesting intersection of code and art. A minor thread emerged around the accessibility and cost of getting started with pen plotting.

The Hacker News post "Ink and Algorithms: Techniques, tools and the craft of pen plotting" (linking to penplotter.art) generated a moderate number of comments, mostly focusing on the technical aspects of pen plotting and sharing personal experiences.

Several commenters expressed fascination with the generative art aspect of pen plotting, discussing the satisfaction derived from creating physical art from code. One user mentioned the tactile nature of the output, contrasting it with digital art displayed on screens. The tangibility and permanence of pen plots were seen as key attractions.

There's a discussion thread related to the hardware involved. Users discussed different plotter models, mentioning AxiDraw, HP plotters, and even DIY plotter builds. The conversation touched on the price points of various plotters, acknowledging that while some can be expensive, cheaper options exist for those wanting to experiment. One user specifically highlighted the use of old HP plotters, praising their robustness and availability.

A recurring theme was the software used for creating plotter art. Inkscape, a free and open-source vector graphics editor, was mentioned multiple times as a popular choice. Other users discussed generating SVG files programmatically using various programming languages like Python and Processing. This spurred a brief exchange about the benefits and challenges of different approaches to generating the vector graphics that drive the plotter.

A few commenters shared personal anecdotes about their experiences with pen plotting. One user detailed the process of creating custom wedding invitations using a plotter. Another mentioned using a plotter to create technical drawings, showcasing the versatility of the technology beyond artistic applications.

The overall sentiment towards pen plotting in the comments is positive, with many expressing interest in the craft. The discussion provides a glimpse into the community surrounding pen plotting, revealing a mix of artistic exploration, technical problem-solving, and appreciation for the unique blend of digital and physical creation. While no single comment dramatically stands out as exceptionally compelling, the collective conversation paints a picture of the enthusiasm and practical considerations involved in this niche artistic pursuit.
Zombieverter: Open source VCU for reusing salvage EV components

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Posted: 2025-05-05 19:00:11

The ZombieVerter is an open-source Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) designed to repurpose salvaged electric vehicle (EV) components, primarily motors and batteries. It aims to simplify the process of building custom EVs by providing a pre-designed, adaptable platform. The project offers both hardware designs and open-source firmware, allowing users to customize and modify the system to suit their specific needs. The ZombieVerter focuses on affordability and accessibility, aiming to lower the barrier to entry for EV conversion projects and promote sustainable reuse of EV parts.

The ZombieVerter project, detailed on the OpenInverter wiki, presents an open-source Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) design specifically engineered to facilitate the repurposing of salvaged electric vehicle (EV) components. This initiative aims to address the growing concern of electronic waste generated by end-of-life EVs by providing a readily accessible and adaptable platform for hobbyists, researchers, and small businesses interested in extending the lifespan of valuable EV parts. The ZombieVerter VCU functions as the central nervous system for a repurposed EV powertrain, orchestrating the complex interactions between various components such as the motor, inverter, battery management system (BMS), and user interface.

The wiki page meticulously outlines the project's hardware and software architecture. The hardware design centers around a powerful microcontroller, leveraging readily available and affordable development boards. This microcontroller is responsible for processing sensor data, executing control algorithms, and communicating with the other components of the repurposed EV system. The project emphasizes modularity and flexibility, allowing users to adapt the VCU to a wide range of salvaged EV components and specific application requirements. Detailed schematics, PCB layouts, and component lists are provided to empower users to build their own ZombieVerter VCUs.

On the software side, the project employs an open-source firmware framework, enabling users to customize the control logic and tailor the system's behavior to their specific needs. The firmware handles critical tasks such as motor control, regenerative braking, battery management, and safety monitoring. The open-source nature of the software fosters collaboration and community-driven development, allowing users to share improvements, contribute new features, and collectively enhance the capabilities of the ZombieVerter platform.

The ZombieVerter project documentation also provides comprehensive guidance on the integration process, outlining the steps involved in connecting the VCU to salvaged EV components. This includes information on communication protocols, signal conditioning, and safety considerations. Furthermore, the project aims to simplify the repurposing process by providing example configurations and pre-built software modules for common EV components. By offering a complete and well-documented open-source solution, the ZombieVerter project aims to democratize access to EV technology and promote the sustainable reuse of valuable electronic components. This project has the potential to significantly reduce e-waste, foster innovation in the EV space, and empower individuals and small businesses to participate in the burgeoning field of electric vehicle technology.
- electric vehicles
- EV
- VCU
- Vehicle Control Unit
- Open Source
- salvage
- reuse
- repurposing
- components
- Zombieverter
- OpenInverter
- DIY
- sustainable
- recycling
- automotive
- Electronics
- Hardware
- inverter
Summary of Comments ( 10 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43898280

HN commenters largely expressed excitement about the ZombieVerter project, seeing it as a positive step towards more sustainable EV practices. Several praised the project's potential to reduce e-waste by repurposing salvaged components and making EV conversions more accessible. Some discussed the challenges involved, such as safety certifications and the potential complexities of integrating different salvaged parts. Others pointed out the project's value for educational purposes and hobbyists, while some questioned the long-term viability and scalability of relying on salvaged parts. A few comments also touched on the legal implications of using salvaged components and the importance of proper documentation.

The Hacker News post titled "Zombieverter: Open source VCU for reusing salvage EV components" has generated several comments discussing various aspects of the project.

Several commenters express enthusiasm for the project, praising the potential for repurposing salvaged EV components and the environmental benefits this offers. They highlight the importance of open-source hardware and software in enabling such projects. One commenter specifically points out the positive impact of reducing e-waste and extending the lifespan of valuable components like batteries and motors.

Some commenters delve into the technical details of the project, discussing the complexities of Vehicle Control Units (VCUs) and the challenges involved in designing a system capable of managing the various components of an electric vehicle. They mention the importance of safety and the need for robust testing to ensure reliability. One commenter questions the suitability of using salvaged high-voltage components due to potential safety concerns.

Others discuss the practical applications of the project, suggesting potential use cases such as converting older gasoline-powered vehicles to electric, building custom EVs, and creating stationary power storage solutions. One commenter raises the issue of regulatory hurdles and the need for compliance with safety standards when repurposing EV components.

A few commenters express interest in contributing to the project, offering their expertise in areas such as software development and electrical engineering. There's also discussion about the potential for community involvement and collaboration in further developing the Zombieverter project.

One commenter shares a link to a similar open-source project focused on repurposing EV batteries, further highlighting the growing interest in this area. Another user discusses the economic viability of such projects, noting that the cost of salvaged components and the time investment required might be significant factors to consider.

Finally, some commenters share anecdotal experiences related to EV conversions and the challenges they encountered, offering valuable insights for anyone considering undertaking a similar project. They emphasize the importance of thorough research and careful planning.
If you're in the market for a $1,900 color E Ink monitor, one of them exists now

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Posted: 2025-05-01 12:53:43

Onyx Boox, known for its e-ink Android tablets, has unveiled a new 25.3-inch color e-ink monitor, the Mira Pro, priced at $1,900. This monitor boasts a 3200 x 1800 resolution and utilizes Kaleido 3 color e-ink technology, offering a wider color gamut and faster refresh rates than previous generations. While still slower than traditional monitors, it targets users sensitive to eye strain and those who primarily work with text-based documents, code, or comics. The Mira Pro runs Android 11 and features several ports, including USB-C with DisplayPort support, allowing connection to various devices.

The technology news website Ars Technica reports on the burgeoning availability of a new color E Ink monitor, manufactured by Onyx Boox, a company known primarily for its Android-based E Ink tablets. This monitor represents a significant development in the E Ink display market, as it offers a color display experience with the characteristic low-power consumption and eye-friendly nature of E Ink technology. While the exact model name isn't explicitly stated in the Ars Technica piece, the article focuses on its most striking feature: its price point of $1,900 USD. This positions the monitor as a premium offering, likely targeted at niche users who prioritize the benefits of E Ink over the vibrant colors and high refresh rates of traditional LCD or OLED displays. The article highlights Onyx Boox's history with E Ink devices, suggesting that their experience in this area lends credibility to their foray into the monitor market. While detailed specifications are not fully enumerated, the article mentions the utilization of Kaleido 3 color E Ink technology, which implies a color palette and resolution likely improved over previous iterations of color E Ink. It also notes the monitor's intended use cases, suggesting it may be particularly well-suited for tasks such as reading, coding, and writing, where reduced eye strain and a paper-like display are highly valued. Furthermore, the article touches upon the current landscape of color E Ink monitors, implicitly acknowledging the limited options available to consumers and positioning Onyx Boox's offering as a notable, albeit expensive, addition to this growing market segment. In conclusion, Ars Technica presents this new monitor as a compelling development for those interested in color E Ink technology, while also acknowledging its potentially prohibitive cost for the average consumer.
- E Ink
- Color E Ink
- Monitor
- display technology
- onyx boox
- Technology
- Gadgets
- Hardware
- Electronics
- High-End
- Expensive
- Innovation
- Digital Displays
- eReaders
Summary of Comments ( 39 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43857040

Hacker News users discussed the high price point of the Onyx Boox Mira Pro, with some expressing interest despite the cost due to its unique eye-friendly nature, particularly for coding and writing. Several commenters questioned the value proposition compared to larger, higher-resolution traditional monitors at a lower price. The slow refresh rate was also a major concern, limiting its use cases primarily to static content consumption and text-based work. Some users shared positive experiences with previous E Ink monitors, highlighting their benefits for focused work, while others suggested waiting for future iterations with improved color and refresh rates at a more accessible price. A few commenters also discussed potential niche applications like displaying dashboards or using it as a secondary monitor for specific tasks.

The Hacker News post discussing the $1900 color E Ink monitor from Onyx Boox generated a fair amount of discussion, with many commenters expressing interest but also reservations due to the high price and limited refresh rate.

Several users discussed potential use cases for such a monitor, particularly for coding and writing due to the reduced eye strain offered by E Ink technology. One commenter mentioned its appeal for focused work, comparing it to a distraction-free typewriter. Another user suggested its suitability for reading documentation and static content. However, the slow refresh rate was a major concern for many, with some doubting its practicality for everyday computing tasks. One commenter highlighted the potential issues with video playback and interactive applications.

The price point was a significant barrier for many commenters. Some compared it to the cost of high-end, conventional monitors, arguing that the E Ink monitor, despite its niche appeal, was overpriced. Others speculated that the price would eventually decrease as the technology matures.

A few commenters expressed interest in seeing reviews and real-world performance tests before considering a purchase. They were curious about the color accuracy and overall user experience. One user specifically asked about ghosting, a common issue with E Ink displays.

The discussion also touched on the potential market for such a monitor. Some believed it would appeal to a small, dedicated niche of users prioritizing eye comfort and focused work. Others suggested that its adoption would depend heavily on future price drops and improvements in refresh rate.

Finally, some comments focused on the broader E Ink technology and its future applications. One commenter mentioned the potential for color E Ink in signage and other public displays. Another expressed hope for future iterations with improved color saturation and responsiveness.

Overall, the comments reflected a mixture of intrigue and skepticism. While many acknowledged the potential benefits of a color E Ink monitor for certain tasks, the high price and performance limitations were significant deterrents. Many commenters adopted a wait-and-see approach, hoping for future improvements and price reductions.
Espressif's ESP32-C5 Is Now in Mass Production

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Posted: 2025-04-30 22:15:21

Espressif's ESP32-C5, a RISC-V-based IoT chip designed for low-power Wi-Fi 6 applications, has entered mass production. This chip offers both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Wi-Fi 6 support, along with Bluetooth 5 (LE) for enhanced connectivity options. It features a rich set of peripherals, low power consumption, and is designed for cost-sensitive IoT devices, making it suitable for various applications like smart homes, wearables, and industrial automation. The ESP32-C5 aims to provide developers with a powerful and affordable solution for next-generation connected devices.

Espressif Systems, a prominent fabless semiconductor company renowned for its IoT solutions, has officially announced the commencement of mass production for its highly anticipated ESP32-C5 system-on-chip (SoC). This signifies a significant milestone, making the chip readily available for commercial applications and integration into a broad spectrum of connected devices. The ESP32-C5 distinguishes itself through its robust integration of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) and Bluetooth 5 (LE) connectivity, all within a remarkably compact physical footprint. This combination of cutting-edge wireless capabilities and small size makes it an ideal solution for space-constrained applications demanding high-performance wireless communication.

A core advantage of the ESP32-C5 lies in its support for the latest Wi-Fi 6 standard, which offers substantial improvements over previous generations. These advancements translate to higher data rates, increased network capacity, improved power efficiency, and enhanced performance in dense environments rife with multiple Wi-Fi devices. This makes the ESP32-C5 especially well-suited for applications like smart homes, wearables, industrial automation, and other IoT scenarios where reliable and efficient wireless connectivity is paramount. Furthermore, the integration of Bluetooth 5 (LE) expands the chip’s versatility, enabling seamless communication with a wide array of Bluetooth-enabled peripherals, opening possibilities for applications involving proximity sensing, audio streaming, and data synchronization.

Espressif emphasizes that the ESP32-C5 is designed with a strong focus on security, incorporating robust security features to safeguard sensitive data and ensure the integrity of connected devices. This includes support for secure boot, flash encryption, and various cryptographic algorithms. The chip is also pin-to-pin compatible with the ESP32-C3, offering a smooth migration path for existing users looking to upgrade their designs and leverage the advanced capabilities of the ESP32-C5 without significant hardware modifications. This compatibility streamlines the development process and reduces time-to-market for new products based on the ESP32-C5.

The ESP32-C5's cost-effectiveness, coupled with its impressive performance and comprehensive feature set, positions it as a compelling choice for developers and manufacturers aiming to create innovative and competitive IoT products. The readily available modules, combined with Espressif’s comprehensive software development kit (SDK) and robust documentation, further simplifies the integration process, enabling developers to bring their connected device concepts to fruition quickly and efficiently. By entering mass production, the ESP32-C5 is poised to empower a new wave of connected devices, driving further innovation and growth within the burgeoning Internet of Things ecosystem.
- Espressif
- ESP32
- ESP32-C5
- Microcontroller
- IoT
- Mass Production
- Embedded Systems
- Wi-Fi
- Bluetooth
- RISC-V
- Wireless Communication
- Hardware
- Electronics
Summary of Comments ( 158 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43851314

Hacker News commenters generally expressed enthusiasm for the ESP32-C5's mass production, particularly its RISC-V architecture and competitive price point. Several praised Espressif's consistent delivery of well-documented and affordable chips. Some discussion revolved around the C5's suitability as a WiFi-only replacement for the ESP32-C3 and ESP8266, with questions raised about Bluetooth support and actual availability. A few users pointed out the lack of an official datasheet at the time of the announcement, hampering a more in-depth analysis of its capabilities. Others anticipated its integration into various projects, including home automation and IoT devices. The relative merits of the C5 compared to the C3, particularly regarding power consumption and specific use cases, formed a core part of the conversation.

The Hacker News post discussing Espressif's ESP32-C5 reaching mass production has generated a moderate number of comments, primarily focusing on comparisons with existing chips and speculation about future applications.

Several commenters discuss the trade-offs between the ESP32-C5 and the ESP32-C3. One commenter points out the C5's advantages in terms of Wi-Fi performance (supporting 802.11ax) and Bluetooth 5.0 Low Energy, while the C3 excels in its lower power consumption, making it suitable for battery-powered applications. This comparison sparked further discussion about specific use cases, with some suggesting the C5 is a better choice for applications requiring higher throughput, like streaming audio, while others maintained the C3 remains the preferred option for low-power IoT devices.

Another point of discussion revolves around the absence of a RISC-V core in the ESP32-C5. Some commenters express disappointment that Espressif chose to stick with the Xtensa LX7 core, while others argue that the existing software ecosystem and tooling around Xtensa outweigh the potential benefits of switching to RISC-V, at least for the time being. This leads to a tangent about the maturity and tooling available for RISC-V development compared to more established architectures.

A few comments delve into the potential market impact of the ESP32-C5, particularly its ability to bridge the gap between low-power devices and applications needing more bandwidth. Some foresee the C5 becoming popular in smart home devices and industrial IoT applications, replacing older Wi-Fi standards and enabling more complex functionalities.

Finally, some comments raise questions about the availability and pricing of the ESP32-C5 modules, with some users expressing eagerness to get their hands on them for experimentation and prototyping. There's also a brief mention of the potential for future revisions of the chip with even more advanced features.

Overall, the comments section reflects a general sense of enthusiasm for the ESP32-C5 and its potential, with a healthy dose of pragmatic discussion about its strengths, weaknesses, and potential applications. The discussion remains focused on the chip itself and its surrounding ecosystem, without delving into broader industry trends or unrelated topics.
Zhaoxin's KX-7000

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Posted: 2025-04-30 20:23:33

Zhaoxin's KX-7000 series CPUs, fabricated on a 5nm process, represent a significant leap for the Chinese domestic chipmaker. Though details are limited, they boast a purported 20% IPC uplift over the previous generation KX-6000 and support DDR5-5600 memory and PCIe 5.0. While clock speeds remain undisclosed, early estimates suggest performance might rival Intel's 10th-generation Core "Comet Lake" processors. Importantly, the KX-7000, along with its integrated GPU counterpart, the KH-7000, signals Zhaoxin's continued progress towards greater technological independence and performance competitiveness.

This Chips and Cheese article discusses the Zhaoxin KX-7000 series CPU, a domestically developed Chinese x86 processor, and its implications for the global semiconductor landscape. The KX-7000 represents a significant advancement for Zhaoxin, moving from their previous 16nm process node to a more competitive 7nm process, fabricated by TSMC. This transition to a smaller process node allows for a marked improvement in performance and power efficiency. The article details the architecture of the KX-7000, which features an 8-core design with a base clock speed of 3.0 GHz, boosting up to 4.0 GHz. This new generation also integrates a discrete graphics processor (GPU) onto the die, although specifics about the GPU's capabilities, beyond its support for AV1 decode, remain somewhat limited.

A key focus of the article is the potential impact of US sanctions on Zhaoxin's development. While previous generations, like the KX-6000 series, were manufactured on a 16nm process that wasn't subject to the same restrictions, the move to 7nm places Zhaoxin within the purview of these regulations. The article analyzes the potential challenges this presents, including access to advanced manufacturing technologies and future development roadmaps. It speculates about whether Zhaoxin will be able to continue leveraging TSMC's manufacturing capabilities given the evolving geopolitical climate.

The article also delves into the performance expectations of the KX-7000, comparing it to existing offerings from Intel and AMD. While acknowledging Zhaoxin's progress, the authors suggest that the KX-7000 is unlikely to directly compete with cutting-edge processors from these established players. Instead, they position it as a potential contender in the mid-range market, particularly within China. The authors highlight the importance of domestically produced hardware for China's strategic goals, particularly in light of escalating trade tensions.

Finally, the article touches upon the broader context of China's semiconductor industry and its pursuit of self-reliance. The development of the KX-7000 is presented as a significant milestone in this journey, demonstrating the country's growing capacity to design and produce advanced processors. The article concludes by acknowledging the ongoing uncertainty surrounding Zhaoxin's future but emphasizes the company's potential to play a key role in shaping the future of the semiconductor industry.
- Zhaoxin
- KX-7000
- CPU
- Processor
- Chinese CPU
- x86
- Microarchitecture
- Semiconductors
- Integrated Circuits
- Technology
- Hardware
- Computing
Summary of Comments ( 45 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43850238

Hacker News users discuss Zhaoxin's KX-7000 processor, expressing skepticism about its performance claims and market viability given the established dominance of x86 and ARM. Several comments highlight the difficulty of competing in the CPU market without robust software ecosystem support, particularly for gaming and professional applications. Some question the benchmarks used and suggest that real-world performance might be significantly lower. Others express interest in seeing independent reviews and comparisons to existing CPUs. A few comments acknowledge the potential for China to develop its own domestic chip industry but remain cautious about Zhaoxin's long-term prospects. Overall, the prevailing sentiment is one of cautious observation rather than outright excitement.

The Hacker News post titled "Zhaoxin's KX-7000," linking to a Chips and Cheese article about the Chinese x86 processor, has generated a moderate discussion with several interesting points raised in the comments.

Several commenters discuss the geopolitical implications of a domestically produced Chinese x86 CPU. One user points out the significance of China having a homegrown x86 option, even if it lags behind in performance, as it reduces reliance on foreign technology in critical sectors. This sentiment is echoed by others who note that having even a less performant domestic option provides a foundation for future development and a hedge against potential supply chain disruptions or sanctions.

Performance comparisons and the KX-7000's potential market are also discussed. Some commenters acknowledge the performance gap between the KX-7000 and more established players like Intel and AMD, questioning its competitiveness in the broader market. However, others suggest that the chip could find a niche in government and domestic markets where self-sufficiency is prioritized over peak performance. The potential for use in less demanding applications is also mentioned, where the performance difference might be less noticeable.

The topic of the x86 ISA's complexity and Zhaoxin's approach is also raised. One commenter highlights the difficulty of implementing a complex ISA like x86 correctly and efficiently, suggesting that Zhaoxin's licensing agreement with VIA might simplify the process. This leads to a discussion about the intricacies of microarchitecture and the challenges involved in catching up to industry leaders.

There's a discussion regarding the potential impact on global competition. One user expresses skepticism about Zhaoxin's ability to compete with established players given the rapid pace of innovation in the CPU market. Others counter that the long-term strategic implications of having a domestic Chinese x86 CPU are significant regardless of its current performance.

Finally, there's some speculation about the future trajectory of Zhaoxin and the Chinese semiconductor industry. Several commenters express interest in seeing how Zhaoxin's technology evolves and whether it can eventually close the performance gap with established competitors. The role of government support and investment in fostering the growth of the Chinese semiconductor industry is also mentioned.
Joining Sun Microsystems – 40 years ago (2022)

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Posted: 2025-04-30 14:57:31

Forty years ago, in 1982, the author joined Sun Microsystems, a startup at the time with only about 40 employees. Initially hired as a technical writer, the author quickly transitioned into a marketing role focused on the Sun-1 workstation, learning about the technology alongside the engineers. This involved creating marketing materials like brochures and presentations, attending trade shows, and generally spreading the word about Sun's innovative workstation. The author reflects fondly on this exciting period of growth and innovation at Sun, emphasizing the close-knit and collaborative atmosphere of a small company making a big impact in the burgeoning computer industry.

In a reflective blog post titled "Joining Sun Microsystems – 40 years ago (2022)," published on May 3, 2022, author Andy Pugsley recounts his experience of commencing employment at Sun Microsystems four decades prior, in May 1982. He details the circumstances surrounding his initial contact with the burgeoning company, explaining that he had been working for a small consulting firm when he was approached by a recruiter. This recruiter, whom Pugsley identifies as a "headhunter," presented him with the opportunity to join a startup operating in the then-nascent workstation market. Intrigued, Pugsley agreed to meet with Andreas Bechtolsheim, one of Sun's founders, who made a compelling pitch regarding the company's vision and technological ambitions.

Pugsley elaborates on the nascent nature of Sun Microsystems at the time, highlighting that it was operating out of a small office suite in Menlo Park and consisted of only about a dozen employees. He depicts the environment as dynamic and informal, a characteristic typical of Silicon Valley startups, emphasizing the pervading sense of excitement and potential. He describes his initial role within the company, which involved crafting microcode for a Multibus-based CPU board. This board, as Pugsley explains, was a critical component in the development of Sun's first workstation product.

The author also recalls the rudimentary state of the technology available at the time, illustrating this by describing the use of a terminal connected to a VAX-11/780 at Stanford University for software development. He paints a vivid picture of the laborious process of writing code, compiling it remotely on the Stanford VAX, and then downloading the resulting binaries to the target hardware. This process, while cumbersome, was standard practice in the early days of computing.

Pugsley expresses a palpable sense of nostalgia for this period, characterized by a pioneering spirit and rapid technological advancement. He reflects on the unique opportunity he had to be a part of a company that was instrumental in shaping the future of the computer industry. The blog post concludes with a retrospective appreciation for the experience, emphasizing the formative role it played in his professional development and the lasting impact Sun Microsystems had on the technological landscape. He subtly conveys a sense of pride in having contributed to the early success of such an influential company.
Summary of Comments ( 1 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43846187

HN commenters discuss the author's apparent naiveté about Sun's business practices, particularly regarding customer lock-in through proprietary hardware and software. Some recall Sun's early open-source friendliness contrasting with their later embrace of closed systems. Several commenters share anecdotes about their own experiences with Sun hardware and software, both positive and negative, highlighting the high cost and complexity, but also the power and innovation of their workstations. The thread also touches on the cultural shift in the tech industry since the 80s, noting the different expectations and pace of work. Finally, some express nostalgia for the era and the excitement surrounding Sun Microsystems.

The Hacker News post "Joining Sun Microsystems – 40 years ago (2022)" has generated a modest number of comments, offering various perspectives and anecdotes related to Sun Microsystems.

Several commenters reflect on the legacy of Sun, expressing nostalgia for its innovative culture and the impact it had on the computing industry. One commenter mentions their time at Sun, highlighting the camaraderie and the sense of being part of something significant. Another recalls the excitement surrounding Sun's technologies, particularly during its heyday.

Some comments delve into specific aspects of Sun's history, such as its open-source contributions and the development of technologies like NFS and Java. One commenter discusses the challenges Sun faced towards the end of its existence, including the dot-com bust and competition from companies like Microsoft.

A couple of comments touch upon the acquisition of Sun by Oracle, with differing opinions on the impact of this event. One commenter expresses disappointment with Oracle's stewardship of Sun's technologies, while another offers a more neutral perspective.

Overall, the comments paint a picture of Sun Microsystems as a company that played a vital role in the evolution of computing, fostered a strong engineering culture, and left a lasting impression on those who were involved with it. The comments are largely reminiscent and respectful of Sun's legacy, while also acknowledging the complexities of its later years and eventual acquisition. There isn't a single "most compelling" comment as they each contribute a small piece to the overall narrative.
GPU Price Tracker

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Posted: 2025-04-27 11:21:23

UnitedCompute's GPU Price Tracker monitors and charts the prices of various NVIDIA GPUs across different cloud providers like AWS, Azure, and GCP. It aims to help users find the most cost-effective options for their cloud computing needs by providing historical price data and comparisons, allowing them to identify trends and potential savings. The tracker focuses specifically on GPUs suitable for machine learning workloads and offers filtering options to narrow down the search based on factors such as GPU memory and location.

The webpage titled "GPU Price Tracker" hosted by United Compute AI provides a comprehensive and regularly updated overview of the market pricing for Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), specifically focusing on models relevant to artificial intelligence and machine learning tasks. The tracker aims to offer transparency and insight into the often volatile GPU market, allowing users to make informed decisions about purchasing or renting these crucial components. It achieves this by aggregating pricing data from various reputable online retailers like Amazon and eBay, presenting the information in an easily digestible tabular format.

The tracker differentiates itself by showcasing not only the current lowest prices but also historical price trends, providing valuable context for evaluating current deals. This historical data is visualized through interactive charts, enabling users to observe price fluctuations over time and identify potential patterns. Furthermore, the tracker incorporates filtering mechanisms, allowing users to refine their search by specific GPU models, manufacturers (like NVIDIA and AMD), memory capacity, and even retailer. This granular control empowers users to quickly pinpoint the best deals for their specific needs and budget.

The platform explicitly focuses on higher-end GPUs commonly used in computationally demanding tasks, such as the NVIDIA GeForce RTX series, the NVIDIA A series, and AMD Radeon RX series. While the primary emphasis is on purchasing options, the tracker also incorporates information regarding cloud GPU rental costs from prominent cloud providers like AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud. This allows users to compare the costs of owning hardware versus utilizing cloud-based solutions, facilitating a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. Moreover, the tracker’s design is responsive and mobile-friendly, ensuring accessibility across a range of devices. The overall goal of the "GPU Price Tracker" is to empower users with the necessary data to navigate the complexities of the GPU market effectively and efficiently.
- GPU
- GPUs
- graphics cards
- Price Tracker
- Price Comparison
- Pricing
- Hardware
- Computer Hardware
- Tech
- Technology
- AI
- artificial intelligence
- machine learning
- deep learning
- Data Science
- Availability
- Inventory
- shopping
- Deals
Summary of Comments ( 27 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43811105

Hacker News users discussed the practicality of the GPU price tracker, noting that prices fluctuate significantly and are often outdated by the time a purchase is made. Some commenters pointed out the importance of checking secondary markets like eBay for better deals, while others highlighted the value of waiting for sales or new product releases. A few users expressed skepticism towards cloud gaming services, preferring local hardware despite the cost. The lack of international pricing was also mentioned as a limitation of the tracker. Several users recommended specific retailers or alert systems for tracking desired GPUs, emphasizing the need to be proactive and patient in the current market.

The Hacker News post titled "GPU Price Tracker" with the ID 43811105 has several comments discussing the linked GPU price tracker and the state of the GPU market.

Several users express appreciation for the tracker, finding it useful and well-designed. One user specifically praises the inclusion of European retailers, highlighting the frequent omission of non-US markets in similar tools. This sentiment is echoed by another commenter who appreciates the site's comprehensive coverage across various retailers and models.

The conversation also touches on the inflated GPU prices and the impact of cryptocurrency mining. One commenter notes the still-high prices of GPUs like the 3080, despite the cryptocurrency market downturn. They suggest that manufacturers may be maintaining artificially high prices. Another user mentions the difficulty in finding older, lower-end cards at reasonable prices, making it challenging for those on tighter budgets or with specific needs. Someone also raises the point that the tracker's prices don't always align with in-store prices, possibly due to online retailers adjusting prices more dynamically.

There's a brief discussion about the potential resurgence of GPU mining if cryptocurrency prices recover. A commenter observes that while mining profitability is currently low, a market rebound could reignite demand and drive prices back up. Another user points out the environmental impact of cryptocurrency mining and expresses hope that GPU prices remain low to discourage it.

Finally, a few comments offer alternative methods for finding affordable GPUs, including checking local marketplaces, considering used options, and waiting for sales events like Black Friday. One user even suggests looking at workstations being decommissioned by companies, as a potential source for used GPUs at reasonable prices.

Overall, the comments reflect a mix of gratitude for the price tracker tool, continued frustration with the GPU market, and cautious optimism about the possibility of more affordable prices in the future.
Bare metal printf – C standard library without OS

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Posted: 2025-04-26 21:32:37

This blog post details how to implement a simplified printf function for bare-metal environments, specifically ARM Cortex-M microcontrollers, without relying on a full operating system. The author walks through creating a minimal version that supports basic format specifiers like %c, %s, %u, %x, and %d, bypassing the complexities of a standard C library. The implementation utilizes a UART for output and includes a custom integer to string conversion function. By directly manipulating registers and memory, the post demonstrates a lightweight printf suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.

This blog post, titled "Bare metal printf – C standard library without OS," delves into the intricacies of implementing the standard C library function printf in a bare-metal environment, specifically targeting an ARM Cortex-M microcontroller. The author's primary goal is to understand how printf operates at a low level, without relying on an operating system's abstractions. This necessitates a deep dive into the inner workings of the function and the construction of the supporting infrastructure required for its proper execution.

The core challenge addressed is the lack of an operating system to handle system calls, particularly those related to input/output. In a typical OS environment, printf relies on the OS to write formatted output to a console or file. However, in a bare-metal setting, the programmer must directly interact with the hardware to achieve this. The post meticulously documents the process of crafting these low-level routines.

The implementation journey begins with understanding the variadic nature of printf, meaning it accepts a variable number of arguments. This characteristic necessitates parsing the format string to determine the types and number of arguments to be processed. The author carefully explains this parsing logic, which involves iterating through the format string and identifying format specifiers (like %d, %f, %s, etc.). These specifiers dictate how subsequent arguments are interpreted and formatted.

A critical aspect of this bare-metal printf implementation is handling floating-point numbers. The standard C library typically provides support for floating-point operations, but in a bare-metal environment, this must be implemented manually or linked in explicitly. The author details the decision-making process behind selecting a suitable floating-point library and integrating it into their solution.

The output of printf ultimately needs to be directed somewhere. The author chooses to target the microcontroller's UART peripheral, a common serial communication interface. This involves configuring the UART and implementing a low-level character output function that transmits individual characters over the serial connection. This function is then leveraged by the custom printf implementation to send the formatted output string to the UART.

The post doesn't merely present the final code but meticulously walks the reader through the development process, highlighting key decisions and their rationale. This includes discussing code organization, memory management considerations, and the challenges associated with working in a resource-constrained environment. The author provides code snippets demonstrating crucial parts of the implementation, such as parsing format strings and handling various data types. The ultimate result is a functional printf implementation that operates directly on the hardware without relying on an operating system, shedding light on the normally hidden complexities of this fundamental C function.
Summary of Comments ( 61 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43807404

HN commenters largely praised the article for its clear explanation of implementing printf in a bare-metal environment. Several appreciated the author's focus on simplicity and avoiding unnecessary complexity. Some discussed the tradeoffs between code size and performance, with suggestions for further optimization. One commenter pointed out the potential issues with the implementation's handling of floating-point numbers, particularly in embedded systems where floating-point support might not be available. Others offered alternative approaches, including using smaller, more specialized printf implementations or relying on semihosting for debugging. The overall sentiment was positive, with many finding the article educational and well-written.

The Hacker News post titled "Bare metal printf – C standard library without OS," linking to an article on implementing printf without an operating system, has generated a modest number of comments discussing various aspects of the implementation and its implications.

Several commenters delve into the complexities and nuances of implementing core C library functions in bare-metal environments. One user highlights the surprising amount of work required to create a seemingly simple function like printf, especially when considering features like floating-point support and different format specifiers. They point out the significant effort involved in correctly handling all the edge cases and formatting rules defined by the C standard.

The discussion also touches upon the trade-offs between using a fully-featured printf and opting for a smaller, more specialized version tailored to the specific needs of a bare-metal project. A commenter suggests that in many embedded systems, a simpler output function might suffice, avoiding the overhead of a full printf implementation. They advocate for considering the specific requirements of the project and choosing the appropriate level of complexity.

Further discussion explores the challenges of handling string formatting and memory management in resource-constrained environments. One user questions the wisdom of dynamically allocating memory within printf in a bare-metal setting, suggesting potential issues if memory allocation fails. This raises the broader topic of robust error handling in such environments.

Another commenter notes the differences between the provided implementation and the behavior of glibc's printf. They specifically point out the article's implementation doesn't use the heap and bypasses the need for dynamic memory allocation. This highlights the flexibility and potential for customization when implementing these functions in a bare-metal context.

The comments also briefly touch upon the educational value of such projects, emphasizing the importance of understanding how fundamental library functions work at a low level. The process of implementing these functions from scratch can provide valuable insights into the inner workings of C and the complexities of bare-metal programming.

While not a highly active discussion thread, the comments provide valuable insights into the practical challenges and considerations involved in implementing standard C library functions in bare-metal environments, touching upon topics like memory management, code size, and error handling. They also highlight the potential trade-offs and the importance of tailoring the implementation to the specific needs of the project.
Eurorack Knob Idea

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Posted: 2025-04-25 13:19:02

This blog post details a proposed design for a Eurorack synthesizer knob with an integrated display. The author, mitxela, outlines a concept where a small OLED screen sits beneath a transparent or translucent knob, allowing for dynamic parameter labeling and value display directly on the knob itself. This eliminates the need for separate screens or labels, streamlining the module interface and providing clear visual feedback. The proposed design uses readily available components and explores different display options, including segmented and character displays, to minimize cost and complexity. The post focuses on the hardware design and briefly touches on software considerations for driving the displays.

This blog post by user "mitxela" details a conceptual design for a novel Eurorack synthesizer module knob with enhanced functionality and visual feedback. The author proposes a digitally controlled knob that addresses several perceived shortcomings of traditional analog potentiometers in the context of modular synthesis. Specifically, the proposed knob utilizes a high-resolution rotary encoder coupled with a circular display surrounding the knob's shaft. This display allows for far more nuanced parameter control and feedback than a standard knob.

The core innovation lies in the display's ability to visually represent various aspects of the parameter being controlled. It can display the parameter's current value numerically, graphically represent its position within a defined range using a bar or arc visualization, and even indicate the parameter's modulation depth when influenced by other modulation sources. Furthermore, the proposed design incorporates color-coding capabilities, potentially allowing users to visually differentiate between different parameter types or to highlight modulation activity.

Mitxela envisions the knob being controlled by a microcontroller, enabling a multitude of advanced features. These include the ability to switch between different display modes, customize the visual representation of the parameter, implement features like snapping to specific values or scales, and potentially even integrate with a computer for more complex control and automation scenarios. The author also explores the possibility of using haptic feedback to enhance the user experience.

While acknowledging the increased complexity and cost compared to standard potentiometers, mitxela argues that the enhanced precision, visual feedback, and potential for advanced features offered by this digital knob concept would significantly benefit Eurorack users, particularly in complex patches where precise parameter control and clear visual feedback are crucial. The post concludes with a call for feedback and suggestions from the Eurorack community, indicating that this is an exploratory concept in its early stages of development.
Summary of Comments ( 109 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43793288

Hacker News users generally praised the Eurorack knob idea for its cleverness and potential usefulness. Several commenters highlighted the satisfying tactile feedback described, and some suggested improvements like using magnets for detents or exploring different materials. The discussion touched on manufacturing challenges, with users speculating about cost-effectiveness and potential issues with durability or wobble. There was also some debate about the actual need for such a knob, with some arguing that existing solutions are sufficient, while others expressed enthusiasm for the innovative approach. Finally, a few commenters shared their own experiences with similar DIY projects or offered alternative design ideas.

The Hacker News post "Eurorack Knob Idea" discussing the euroknob project at mitxela.com/projects/euroknob generated a modest amount of discussion, with several commenters expressing interest and offering their perspectives.

One of the most compelling threads revolved around the practicality and cost-effectiveness of the proposed design. A commenter pointed out that injection molding the knobs, especially with custom inserts, could be quite expensive for small production runs. They suggested exploring alternative manufacturing methods like 3D printing for prototyping or smaller batches, even though it might not achieve the same level of precision and finish. This sparked further discussion about the potential trade-offs between cost, quality, and the scale of production.

Another commenter questioned the choice of material, suggesting that using a material with inherent grip, rather than relying on knurling, might be more beneficial. They also raised concerns about the durability of the proposed design, particularly in the context of frequent use and potential wear and tear in a modular synthesizer environment.

Several users expressed appreciation for the innovative approach to addressing the common problem of loose knobs in Eurorack synthesizers. They praised the author for tackling a real-world issue within the community. One commenter even suggested exploring the possibility of adapting the design for other types of knobs and controls beyond Eurorack modules.

A few commenters shared their personal experiences with similar DIY solutions, mentioning using Sugru or other moldable adhesives to improve the grip of their existing knobs. This highlighted the existing demand for a more robust and elegant solution like the one proposed.

While there wasn't an overwhelming number of comments, the discussion provided valuable insights into the potential challenges and benefits of the euroknob design, touching upon manufacturing processes, material selection, cost considerations, and the practical needs of the Eurorack community.
Show HN: I made my own TRMNL e-ink device

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Posted: 2025-04-24 11:34:10

Stavros Korokithakis built a custom e-ink terminal using a Raspberry Pi Zero W, a Pimoroni Inky Impression 7.7" display, and a custom 3D-printed case. Motivated by a desire for a distraction-free writing environment and inspired by the now-defunct TRMNL project, he documented the entire process, from assembling the hardware and designing the case to setting up the software and optimizing power consumption. The result is a portable, low-power e-ink terminal ideal for focused writing and coding.

Stavros Korokithakis, driven by a desire for a minimalist, distraction-free writing device and inspired by the now-defunct TRMNL project, meticulously documented the process of building his own e-ink based terminal. He began by acquiring a 7.8-inch Waveshare e-paper display, chosen for its larger size compared to the original TRMNL's 4.2-inch screen. Recognizing the limitations of the display's SPI interface for text-heavy applications, he opted to utilize the faster HDMI interface via a Waveshare e-paper driver board. This board requires a dedicated HDMI input, necessitating a compact single-board computer to drive the display.

After researching various options, including the Raspberry Pi Zero and CHIP, he selected the Rock Pi S for its small form factor, low power consumption, and crucial HDMI output capability. He meticulously detailed the steps involved in assembling the hardware, emphasizing the challenges of working with the small components and the need for careful soldering. The case design was a significant undertaking, requiring precise measurements and multiple iterations using OpenSCAD, a 3D modeling software. He opted for a sleek, minimalist design reminiscent of the original TRMNL, fabricating it using a 3D printer.

Software setup involved flashing the appropriate operating system image onto the Rock Pi S and configuring it for use with the e-paper display. He explained the process of setting up a serial console for initial access and troubleshooting, and further refined the system to boot directly into a terminal environment optimized for the e-ink screen. This included utilizing a framebuffer driver specifically designed for the Waveshare display and configuring the system to refresh the screen only when necessary to minimize flickering and conserve power. The resulting device functions as a portable, self-contained terminal ideal for focused writing and coding tasks, fulfilling his initial vision of a modern, minimalist writing tool. He concludes by expressing satisfaction with the outcome and hinting at future improvements, such as integrating a keyboard and potentially exploring alternative display technologies.
- e-ink
- trmnl
- DIY
- Hardware
- Electronics
- Device
- portable
- terminal
- Linux
- Show HN
- keyboard
- Raspberry Pi
- custom build
- mobile computing
- cyberdeck
Summary of Comments ( 5 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43781465

Commenters on Hacker News largely praised the project for its ambition, ingenuity, and clean design. Several expressed interest in purchasing a similar device, highlighting the desire for a distraction-free writing tool. Some offered constructive criticism, suggesting improvements like a larger screen, alternative keyboard layouts, and the ability to sync with cloud services. A few commenters delved into technical aspects, discussing the choice of e-ink display, the microcontroller used, and the potential for open-sourcing the project. The overall sentiment leaned towards admiration for the creator's dedication and the device's potential.

The Hacker News post "Show HN: I made my own TRMNL e-ink device" (linking to an article about creating a custom e-ink terminal) generated a moderate amount of discussion, with a mix of praise, curiosity, and constructive criticism.

Several commenters expressed admiration for the project, calling it "cool," "awesome," and "badass." They appreciated the creator's ingenuity and the novelty of a dedicated e-ink terminal device. Some specifically highlighted the appeal of a distraction-free writing environment offered by such a device.

A recurring theme in the comments was curiosity about the device's practicality and use cases. Commenters questioned whether the slow refresh rate of e-ink would be a hindrance for tasks beyond simple text editing and reading. They also wondered about the device's responsiveness and the overall user experience compared to traditional terminals or laptops.

Some commenters offered suggestions for improvement, such as exploring different e-ink displays with faster refresh rates or incorporating features like a backlight for use in low-light conditions. One commenter suggested using a larger display, while another proposed adding a physical keyboard for a more comfortable typing experience.

The discussion also touched upon the potential benefits of e-ink for focused work and the desire for minimalist computing devices. One commenter mentioned the similar philosophy behind the Freewrite Traveler, a dedicated writing device with an e-ink screen.

A few commenters inquired about the project's open-source status and the possibility of building their own TRMNL devices. The creator responded by confirming the project is open source and providing a link to the GitHub repository.

While there wasn't a single overwhelmingly compelling comment, the collective discussion provided valuable feedback and insights into the potential and limitations of the TRMNL device. The comments demonstrated a genuine interest in the project and a shared appreciation for innovative hardware solutions.
I Open-Sourced My AI Toy Company That Runs on ESP32 and OpenAI Realtime API

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Posted: 2025-04-22 14:10:59

Akdeb open-sourced ElatoAI, their AI toy company project. It uses ESP32 microcontrollers to create small, interactive toys that leverage OpenAI's realtime API for natural language processing. The project includes schematics, code, and 3D-printable designs, enabling others to build their own AI-powered toys. The goal is to provide an accessible platform for experimentation and creativity in the realm of AI-driven interactive experiences, specifically targeting a younger audience with simple and engaging toy designs.

A maker named Akash Deb has magnanimously released the complete blueprint for their artificial intelligence-powered toy enterprise, christened "Elato AI," as an open-source project. This project, meticulously documented on GitHub, leverages the economical and widely accessible ESP32 microcontroller along with OpenAI's powerful real-time API to imbue physical toys with conversational and interactive capabilities. Elato AI provides a comprehensive framework, offering everything from the necessary hardware schematics and 3D-printable chassis designs, to the intricate software components that bridge the gap between the physical toy and OpenAI's sophisticated language model.

The system architecture is ingeniously designed around the ESP32, chosen for its affordability, compact size, and integrated Wi-Fi capabilities. This allows the toys to connect seamlessly to the internet, enabling real-time communication with OpenAI's servers. Through this connection, the toys can process and understand natural language, generate contextually appropriate responses, and even engage in dynamic conversations. The project documentation meticulously outlines the process of setting up the necessary API keys and configuring the ESP32 for optimal performance within this framework.

Furthermore, Deb has provided detailed instructions on how to assemble the physical toy, including 3D printing the provided designs and integrating the necessary electronic components. This makes the project readily accessible even to individuals with limited hardware experience. The open-source nature of the project encourages customization and experimentation, allowing users to modify the existing designs, integrate different sensors, and even explore alternative AI models. Essentially, Deb has provided not just a single toy design, but a complete platform upon which a multitude of AI-powered interactive experiences can be built. This democratizes the process of creating sophisticated AI toys, placing the power of cutting-edge technology into the hands of hobbyists, educators, and anyone with a passion for bringing inanimate objects to life. The potential applications are vast, ranging from educational toys that engage children in interactive learning to companion robots capable of providing meaningful social interaction.
- AI
- artificial intelligence
- ESP32
- OpenAI
- Open Source
- Toy
- Robotics
- Real-time
- API
- Hardware
- Software
- IoT
- Internet of Things
- DIY
- Embedded Systems
- Microcontroller
Summary of Comments ( 47 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43762409

Hacker News users discussed the practicality and novelty of the Elato AI project. Several commenters questioned the value proposition of using OpenAI's API on a resource-constrained device like the ESP32, especially given latency and cost concerns. Others pointed out potential issues with relying on a cloud service for core functionality, making the device dependent on internet connectivity and potentially impacting privacy. Some praised the project for its educational value, seeing it as a good way to learn about embedded systems and AI integration. The open-sourcing of the project was also viewed positively, allowing others to tinker and potentially improve upon the design. A few users suggested alternative approaches like running smaller language models locally to overcome the limitations of the current cloud-dependent architecture.

The Hacker News post discussing the open-sourced AI toy company running on ESP32 and OpenAI's realtime API generated a moderate level of discussion, with several commenters expressing interest and raising pertinent questions.

Several users were intrigued by the project's use of the ESP32, a low-power microcontroller, and its potential applications. One commenter questioned the latency experienced with the OpenAI API, specifically wondering about the round-trip time for generating responses. This prompted a reply from the original poster (OP), who clarified that the latency was around 200-500ms, which they considered acceptable for their specific use case. The OP also mentioned strategies they employed to manage and potentially reduce this latency, including caching.

Further discussion revolved around the cost-effectiveness of using the OpenAI API for such a project. One user expressed surprise at the affordability, while another raised concerns about the ongoing costs associated with relying on a paid API. This led to a conversation about the potential for using alternative, potentially open-source, language models in the future to mitigate these costs.

A significant portion of the comments focused on the technical details of the project. Commenters inquired about the specifics of the ESP32 implementation, the methods used for audio input and output, and the overall architecture of the system. The OP responded to these queries, providing insights into their design choices and offering further clarification on the project's inner workings.

Some users expressed interest in using the project as a starting point for their own explorations into AI-powered toys and devices. They discussed potential modifications and improvements, including using different microcontrollers or exploring alternative AI models.

Finally, there was some discussion regarding the "toy" aspect of the project. While acknowledging its playful nature, several commenters recognized the potential for such a project to serve as a valuable educational tool for learning about AI and embedded systems. They also appreciated the open-source nature of the project, allowing others to build upon and contribute to the codebase.
Reworking 30 lines of Linux code could cut power use by up to 30 percent

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Posted: 2025-04-21 07:34:07

A tiny code change in the Linux kernel could significantly reduce data center energy consumption. Researchers identified an inefficiency in how the kernel manages network requests, causing servers to wake up unnecessarily and waste power. By adjusting just 30 lines of code related to the network's power-saving mode, they achieved power savings of up to 30% in specific workloads, particularly those involving idle periods interspersed with short bursts of activity. This improvement translates to substantial potential energy savings across the vast landscape of data centers.

The IEEE Spectrum article "Reworking 30 Lines of Linux Code Could Cut Power Use by Up to 30 Percent" discusses a potential energy-saving breakthrough within the Linux kernel, specifically targeting the energy consumption of data centers. Researchers from the University of California, San Diego, discovered inefficiencies in how the Linux kernel manages the transfer of data between a computer's memory and its storage drives – a process known as "writeback." Currently, the system prioritizes rapid data transfer, frequently flushing small amounts of data to the drives. While this approach maximizes performance, it comes at the expense of energy efficiency because the drives are frequently activated from their low-power idle state.

The researchers proposed a modification to the Linux kernel's writeback mechanism, involving a mere 30 lines of code. This alteration implements a more strategic approach to data transfer. Instead of continually flushing small amounts of data, the modified system allows data to accumulate before writing it to the storage drives. This consolidated writing process minimizes the number of times the drives are activated, allowing them to remain in their low-power state for longer durations.

Testing this revised code on several different workloads, including video streaming, web servers, and financial modeling, yielded promising results. The researchers observed a significant reduction in energy consumption, reaching up to 30% in certain scenarios. Importantly, these energy savings came without any noticeable performance degradation. In some cases, the revised code even slightly improved performance due to reduced overhead from constantly managing small write operations. This finding suggests that the existing performance-centric approach might not always be the most optimal strategy, even from a pure performance standpoint.

The article highlights the significant impact this seemingly minor code change could have on the global scale, considering the substantial energy footprint of data centers worldwide. By implementing this optimization, a considerable amount of energy could be saved, translating to reduced operational costs and a smaller environmental impact. The article concludes by noting the potential for broader application of this principle, suggesting similar optimizations could be explored in other operating systems and software to achieve further energy efficiency gains.
Summary of Comments ( 16 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43749271

HN commenters are skeptical of the claimed 5-30% power savings from the Linux kernel change. Several point out that the benchmark used (SPECpower) is synthetic and doesn't reflect real-world workloads. Others argue that the power savings are likely much smaller in practice and question if the change is worth the potential performance trade-offs. Some suggest the actual savings are closer to 1%, particularly in I/O-bound workloads. There's also discussion about the complexities of power measurement and the difficulty of isolating the impact of a single kernel change. Finally, a few commenters express interest in seeing the patch applied to real-world data centers to validate the claims.

The Hacker News post, titled "Reworking 30 lines of Linux code could cut power use by up to 30 percent," linking to an IEEE Spectrum article about data center energy consumption, sparked a discussion with several insightful comments.

Many commenters focused on the specifics of the Linux kernel change mentioned in the title. Some expressed skepticism about the claimed 30% power savings, questioning the methodology used to arrive at that figure and pointing out that such a dramatic reduction likely applies only to very specific workloads or configurations. Others delved into the technical details of the code change, discussing the trade-offs involved and potential performance implications. There was a healthy dose of technical debate about how significant this change actually is and whether the headline accurately reflects the impact.

Several commenters broadened the discussion to the larger issue of data center energy consumption. They highlighted the importance of optimizing software for energy efficiency, not just relying on hardware improvements. Some pointed out that seemingly small code changes can have a significant cumulative impact when deployed across massive data centers. Others discussed the environmental impact of data centers and the need for greater sustainability efforts.

A few commenters mentioned related efforts to reduce energy consumption in other areas of computing, such as web browsers and mobile devices. This broadened the scope beyond just server-side Linux optimization.

Some questioned the practicality of applying these changes broadly, considering the potential for instability or unforeseen consequences in different system configurations. This brought a dose of realism to the discussion, reminding readers that potential gains need to be weighed against risks in complex systems.

Overall, the comments section reflects a mix of cautious optimism, technical scrutiny, and a broader awareness of the importance of energy efficiency in the computing world. Commenters engage with the specific code change mentioned in the headline while also connecting it to larger trends and concerns surrounding data center energy consumption. There's no outright dismissal of the proposed changes, but a healthy amount of critical analysis and questioning of the presented figures.

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