This study investigates the physiological mechanism behind altered states of consciousness (ASCs) induced by breathwork practices. Researchers found that voluntary hypoventilation, a common feature of many breathwork techniques, leads to significant decreases in end-tidal CO2 levels. This hypocapnia, combined with increased cerebral blood flow velocity, was strongly correlated with the intensity of reported ASCs, such as feelings of unity, bliss, and disembodiment. The study suggests that CO2 reduction in the blood, rather than changes in oxygen levels, is the primary driver of these subjective experiences during breathwork, providing a potential biological explanation for the reported effects of these practices.
The article analyzes Erowid trip reports to understand common visual hallucinations experienced on psychedelics. By processing thousands of reports, the author identifies recurring visual themes, categorized as "form constants." These include spirals, lattices, vortexes, and other geometric patterns, often accompanied by visual distortions like breathing walls and morphing objects. The analysis also highlights the influence of set and setting, showing how factors like dosage, substance, and environment impact the intensity and nature of visuals. Ultimately, the research aims to demystify psychedelic experiences and provide a data-driven understanding of the subjective effects of these substances.
HN commenters discuss the methodology of analyzing Erowid trip reports, questioning the reliability and representativeness of self-reported data from a self-selected group. Some point out the difficulty in quantifying subjective experiences and the potential for biases, like recall bias and the tendency to report more unusual or intense experiences. Others suggest alternative approaches, such as studying fMRI data or focusing on specific aspects of perception. The lack of a control group and the variability in dosage and individual responses are also raised as concerns, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the typical psychedelic experience. Several users share anecdotes of their own experiences, highlighting the diverse and unpredictable nature of these altered states. The overall sentiment seems to be one of cautious interest in the research, tempered by skepticism about the robustness of the methods.
Summary of Comments ( 133 )
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43695093
HN users discuss the study's small sample size and lack of controls, questioning its statistical significance and the potential influence of the Wim Hof Method instructor's presence. Some highlight the possibility of hyperventilation inducing the altered states of consciousness, rather than solely decreased CO2. Others suggest alternative explanations like placebo effect, the power of suggestion, and the meditative aspect of the practice. Several commenters express interest in further research with larger, more rigorous studies to explore the correlation between CO2 levels, breathwork, and altered states. Finally, some users share personal anecdotal experiences with breathwork and the associated sensations.
The Hacker News post titled "Decreased CO2 during breathwork: emergence of altered states of consciousness" (linking to a Nature article about the physiological effects of breathwork) sparked a moderate discussion with a mix of skeptical and intrigued commenters.
Several users questioned the novelty of the findings. One pointed out that the effects of hypocapnia (low CO2 levels) on consciousness have been long known, citing examples like hyperventilation inducing dizziness and lightheadedness. Another commenter expressed skepticism towards framing this as a scientific "discovery," suggesting that the practice and its effects have been understood for centuries within various spiritual traditions. They implied the research merely provided a scientific explanation for pre-existing knowledge.
Some users focused on the methodology and interpretation of the study. One comment questioned the self-reported nature of the altered states of consciousness, suggesting the possibility of placebo effects or suggestibility influencing the results. Another questioned whether the study adequately controlled for other factors like hypoxia (low oxygen) that could also contribute to altered states of consciousness. This user suggested that the study should have included measurements of blood oxygen levels alongside CO2 levels to draw clearer conclusions.
Others offered personal anecdotes and practical insights. One user shared their experience with the Wim Hof method (a popular breathwork technique), noting the intense physical sensations and altered states they experienced, aligning with the study's findings. This commenter highlighted the importance of proper guidance and cautioned against unsupervised practice. Another user, identifying as a free diver, discussed the physiological adaptations and conscious control of breathing employed in their sport, suggesting the observed effects are related to the body's natural response to breath manipulation.
A few commenters explored the potential applications and implications of the research. One suggested further investigation into the therapeutic potential of breathwork for managing anxiety and other psychological conditions. Another user speculated about the evolutionary basis for these physiological responses, proposing that they might be related to ancient survival mechanisms.
In summary, the comments section reflects a cautious but interested reception to the research. Many acknowledge the well-established link between altered breathing patterns and consciousness, while others emphasize the need for more rigorous studies and a nuanced understanding of the complex interplay of physiological and psychological factors. The discussion also highlights the practical relevance of the research, exploring potential applications and personal experiences related to breathwork and its effects.